Behaviorism
Behaviorism,
also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based
upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.
Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli
shapes our behaviors.
According to behaviorism,
behavior can be studied in a systematic and
observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.
This school of thought suggests that only observable behaviors
should be studied, since internal states such as cognitions,
emotions and moods are too subjective.
行为心理学或者说行为主义学习理论认为，所有的行为都是通过条件反射获得的。条件反射是通过与环境相互作用产生的。行为学家认为，我们对环境刺激的反应形成了我们的行为。
根据行为主义理论，行为可以系统的、可观察的方式研究，无需考虑内部心理状态。这一思想学派认为只需要研究可观察的行为，因为内部状态，如认知、情感和情绪太过于主观。
Cognitivism
Cognitive
theorists recognize that much learning involves associations
established through contiguity and repetition. They also
acknowledge the importance of reinforcement, although they stress
its role in providing feedback about correctness of responses over
its role as a motivator. However, even while accepting such
behavioristic concepts, cognitive theorists view learning as
involving the acquisition
or
reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans
process and store information.
Cognitive theory is a learning theory of psychology that
attempts to explain human behavior by understanding the thought
processes. The assumption is that humans are logical beings that
make the choices that make the most sense to them. Information
processing is a commonly used description of the mental process,
comparing the human mind to a computer.
认知主义理论认为，学习包括通过连续和重复建立起来的联系。尽管他们重视提供反应的准确性反馈作为动机，但是他们也承认强化的重要性。然而，即使认知理论家接受了这些行为主义的概念，他们还是把学习看作是包含认知结构的获得和重组，人类就是通过这种方式处理和存储信息的。
认知理论是一种心理学上的学习理论，试图通过理解人类的思维过程，来解释人类的行为。假设人类是合乎逻辑的生物体，他们会选择对他们最有意义的信息。把人类的大脑比作计算机，通常用信息处理来描述心理过程。
Constructivism
Constructivism is a type of learning theory that explains human
learning as an active attempt to construct meaning in the world
around us. Constructivists believe that learning is more active and
self-directed than either behaviorism or
cognitive theory would postulate.
Constructivism divides learning into two types:
accommodation and assimilation. The focus is on the individual’s
desire and ability to learn, and the teacher is merely there to
help guide self-directed learning.
建构主义是一种把人类学习解释为在我们周围的世界积极尝试意义建构的学习理论。建构主义者认为，学习比行为主义和认知主义所假设的都更积极、自主。
建构主义把学习分为两类：顺应和同化。重点在于个人的欲望和学习能力，教师只能帮助指导自主学习。
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