American swim coach John Leonard stirred the controversy over Ye Shiwen’s incredible 400 IM describing it as “unbelievable”, “suspicious” and “disturbing” (as reported in the Guardian). Of course the suspicion, given China’s history and secretive nature, is that Ye Shiwen has been aided by performance enhancing substances – doping.
美国游泳队教练John Leonard挑起了对叶诗文400米混合泳成绩的质疑之风，认为其“难以置信”、“令人怀疑”且“让人不爽”（见英国卫报报道）。鉴于中国的前科和其深藏不露的特质，所谓的怀疑当然是针对叶诗文是否使用提高身体机能的违禁药物了。
Rather than speculate further as to the guilt or not of Ye Shiwen, which I guess is likely to be presumed one way or the other anyway, I’d like to consider another question: Why is Ye Shiwen’s swim disturbing? Let’s face it, whether you believe it to be artificially enhanced or not, ‘disturbing’ pretty much sums up it’s effect on the swimming world. Ye Shiwen
一味地去质疑叶诗文是否违禁，我认为这只是以某种方法一厢情愿地猜测罢了。我想讨论的是另一个问题：为什么叶诗文的游泳成绩会让某些人“不爽”？让我们面对它吧！不管你相信还是不信她服用了违禁药物，“让人不爽”这四个字可以很好地总结游泳界对此事的反应。
SCARF – The Emotional Brain
SCARF – 情绪化大脑
One model that helps us to understand our reaction events at a Neuropsychological level, is SCARF (Rock, 2008). This model helps us to understand the ways in which social stimuli (such as Ye Shiwen’s world record swim) are either threatening or rewarding to us. SCARF stands for Status, Certainty, Autonomy, Relatedness and Fairness.
SCARF模型（Rock, 2008）可以帮助我们从神经心理学层面理解我们自己的反应。这个模型可以帮助我们理解社会刺激（例如叶诗文破了世界纪录）是如何威胁或奖励我们的。SCARF代表地位（Status），确定性（Certainty），自主性（Autonomy），关系（Relatedness）和公平（Fairness）。从地位的角度来讲，存在一种“世界秩序”被颠覆的威胁，即美国对游泳池的统治不尽如（美国）人意了。从这个层面来讲，这种“不爽”对非美国国家来说同样适用。这不仅仅是游泳的问题了，世界霸权（不只是游泳）在往哪里偏？没错，往东方。
Certainty
确定性
Ye Shiwen’s swim is highly disturbing, for so many people, in terms of what the future holds. Commentators have already started saying “so, are there any 16 year old Chinese girls in this event?”. Think of it like this. You’ve put years of work in. You’ve gotten yourself into a position where you think you know what you need to do to win, get a medal, get in a final and BOOM! All of your plans are thrown into uncertainty. The result? Anxiety.
叶诗文的成绩之所以让很多人感到非常“不爽”，是通过未来的可把握程度体现出来的。一些评论员们已经开始这样解说了：“本场比赛中还会不会再冒出来一个16岁的中国小姑娘呢？”。想象一下，若你为一个项目已经付出了多年的努力，你已经到了对获胜、拿奖牌、进决赛和夺冠所需的技能了如指掌的地步，而这时候你全部的计划都被扔到了不确定之中。结果是什么？焦虑。
Autonomy
自主性
And finally, when we perceive something as unfair it provokes a negative response. That’s obvious, but it’s also deeply engrained. Just watch the Monkey Grap Cucumber Experiment to see how deeply rooted it is – even young monkeys have a sense of fairness. This is where the doping side comes in most. Of course, if we believe someone may be doping it may also have an impact in other ways, such as reducing our sense of control (autonomy) or alienating us from the perpetrator (relatedness), but at the most basic level, it’s not fair. No-one knows if Ye Shiwen or any other Chinese swimmers have been involved in doping, but because of China’s history and the nature of the swim, the suspicion is there. This is unfortunate.
自主性是指一个人所能感知到的、对周围环境的控制能力。想象一下世界第一被瞬间剥夺时的情境。游泳精英们也想只专注于他们能控制的事情，但当一位女子选手的400米混合泳比男子冠军Ryan Lochte游得还要快时，确实会让人感到很没有自主性（完全hold不住啊！——译注）。这点也是我们进入一个难相处地域首先会遇到的问题。中国人在比赛中没有流露出热情、外向、“求交往”的姿态，而且他们也没有表现出人性的一面。这种说法恐怕是不公平的。这很容易产生语言上的误解。在我们西方人看来，他们没有坦率地表达自己，但有多少我们自己的游泳运动员和教练能跟中国游泳运动员扯上关系？我们之中有多少人把他们当作朋友看待？事实上，这会影响到我们情绪化的大脑。这还意味着，相对于那些跟我们有关系的人（不论国籍），我们对中国的成功做出负面反应的可能性更大。最后一点，当我们感觉到某件事情不公平时，会引发一种负面的反应。这点虽然很明显，但也是根深蒂固的。看看“猴子葡萄黄瓜实验”（两只猴子完成同样任务后，一只被奖励美味的葡萄，一只被奖励猴子不爱吃的黄瓜块，被“不公平”对待的那只猴子反应激烈，暴躁、抓栏杆、扔黄瓜块，参考Youtube视频http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FD06JUUXbSQ ——译注）就知道这种本性是多么根深蒂固了，甚至年幼的猴子也有这种对公平的感觉。这是服用禁药这一点所引起的主要效果。当然，如果我们认为某人服用了禁药，这也会影响到其他点，比如降低我们的可控制感（自主性），或者使我们和作弊者更加疏远（关系），但最主要和最基本的，还是“不公平”。没人知道叶诗文或者其他中国游泳运动员是否使用了违禁药物，但由于中国的历史和游泳这个项目的天然性质，怀疑是不可避免的。这一点是很不幸的。
Is it all about doping?
都是“怀疑其使用禁药”惹的祸吗？
This quick analysis suggests that there are more reasons that Ye Shiwen’s world record swim was disturbing than the simple question of whether or not her performance was enhanced by doping. There appears to be a slight shift in power from the traditional swimming power base of the USA (and Australia); the unexpected nature of her swim creates uncertainty; the sheer force undermines the sense of control that elite swimmers and coaches need; we’re dealing with Nation that is perceived as closed and unemotional; and they have history, which raises the suspicion further that something ‘unfair’ may be going on.
叶诗文打破游泳世界纪录这件事让很多人“不爽”，本文的分析表明造成这种“不爽”的原因其实有很多，不是仅限于对违禁药物的质疑那么简单。游泳界的美国（以及澳大利亚）霸权似乎有一点开始倾斜了；叶诗文的异军突起造成了很多不确定性；一种转向的力量破坏了游泳精英和教练对场面的可控制感；我们面对的是一个给人感觉比较封闭、没有感情的国家；而且这个国家有引起人进一步怀疑比赛“不公平”的前科。
Yes, Ye Shiwen’s swim was disturbing. Not just to those directly impacted but to many of us watching. But it’s not all about doping.
叶诗文确实是让很多人“不爽”，不仅是那些直接受影响的，还包括我们这些观众。但这种“不爽“，不全是“怀疑其使用禁药”惹的祸。
Reference:
参考文献 ：
Rock, D. (2008). SCARF: a brain-based model for collaborating with and influencing others. http://www.your-brain-at-work.com/files/NLJ_SCARFUS.pdf
Rock, D. (2008). SCARF: a brain-based model for collaborating with and influencing others. http://www.your-brain-at-work.com/files/NLJ_SCARFUS.
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