《论语》中英文版
第十九章 子张篇(12)
子游曰:“子夏之門人小子,當洒掃、應對、進退,則可矣。抑末也,本之則無。如之何?”子夏聞之曰:“噫!言游過矣!君子之道,孰先傳焉?孰後倦焉?譬諸草木,區以別矣。君子之道,焉可誣也?有始有卒者,其惟聖人乎!”
Zi You said, "The disciples and followers of Zi Xia, in sprinkling and sweeping the ground, in answering and replying, in advancing and receding, are sufficiently accomplished. But these are only the branches of learning, and they are left ignorant of what is essential. How can they be acknowledged as sufficiently taught?" Zi Xia heard of the remark and said, "Alas! Yan You is wrong. According to the way of the superior man in teaJing, what departments are there which he considers of prime importance, and delivers? what are there which he considers of secondary importance, and allows himself to be idle about? But as in the case of plants, which are assorted according to their classes, so he deals with his disciples. How can the way of a superior man be such as to make fools of any of them? Is it not the sage alone, who can unite in one the beginning and the consummation of learning?"
【原文】
子游曰:“子夏之门人小子①,当洒扫应对进退则可矣②。抑末也③,本之则无④,如之何⑤?”子夏闻之,曰:“噫!言游过矣!君子之道,孰先传焉,孰后倦焉⑥,譬诸草木,区以别矣⑦。君子之道,焉可诬也!有始有卒者,其惟圣人乎⑧!”
【今译】
子游说:“子夏的学生,承担洒水扫地、接待宾客的事是可以的。但这不过是小事,根本的东西却没有学到。这怎么行呢?”子夏听到后,说:“唉!言游的话错了。君子的大由浅入深,有一定顺序,哪一些先传授,哪一些后讲解,这好比草木一样,应该有区别的。君子育人之道怎么可以歪曲呢?能有始有终进行教育的,大概只有圣人吧!”
【注释】
①门人小子:学生小字辈,学生们。
②应对:指接待宾客。
③抑末:只是细微末节,指小事。
④本:根本,此指礼乐文化这个学问基础。
⑤如之何:怎么可以呢?
⑥倦:讲解。
⑦譬诸草木,区以别矣:犹如草木的萌芽、成长、开花、结果、整个过程,其培育先后是有区别的。
⑧诬:歪曲。其惟:大概,恐怕。
【评点】
本章所说的是学习的循序渐进问题。孔子逝世后,卜商(子夏)和言偃(子游)都在从事教育活动。具体工作中,他们的观点并不一致。子夏教学生从洒扫应对进退开始。子游认为洒扫应对进退是末节,不应作为教学内容,应该教给学生《诗》、《书》、礼、乐、仁、义等根本性的课程内容。子夏则认为教学内容要根据深浅,循序渐进。如从洒扫应对进退这些“末节”开始,逐步再走向深远。孔子曾教育子贡“行仁”要“取近譬”(见6.30),即从身边的事做起,根本的道理是寓于日常生活的常事之中,因为“下学”才能“上达”。看来,子游的错误就在于,他否认入门的浅近阶段的必要性,而把它们斥之为“末节”。子游一派的门人后来成为“无廉耻为嗜饮食,必曰:‘君子固不用力’”的“贱儒”(《荀子•非十二子》),与此不无关系。 |