找回密码
 注册入学

QQ登录

只需一步,快速开始

查看: 926|回复: 0

《孟子》中英文版 第一编 《梁惠王上》(7-2)

[复制链接]
 楼主| 发表于 2013-4-30 10:57:21 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
《孟子》中英文版
第一编 《梁惠王上》(7-2)
第七章 不为与不能(2)
王說曰:“《詩》云:‘他人有心,予忖度之。’夫子之謂也。夫我乃行之,反而求之,不得吾心。夫子言之,於我心有戚戚焉。此心之所以合於王者,何也?”
The king was pleased, and said, 'It is said in the Book of Poetry, "The minds of others, I am able by reflection to measure;" - this is verified, my Master, in your discovery of my motive. I indeed did the thing, but when I turned my thoughts inward, and examined into it, I could not discover my own mind. When you, Master, spoke those words, the movements of compassion began to work in my mind. How is it that this heart has in it what is equal to the royal sway?'
   
曰:“有復於王者曰:‘吾力足以舉百鈞’,而不足以舉一羽;‘明足以察秋毫之末’,而不見輿薪,則王許之乎?”
Mencius replied, 'Suppose a man were to make this statement to your Majesty: "My strength is sufficient to lift three thousand catties, but it is not sufficient to lift one feather; my eyesight is sharp enough to examine the point of an autumn hair, but I do not see a waggon-load of faggots;" would your Majesty allow what he said?'
   
曰:“否。”
'No,' was the answer,
   
“今恩足以及禽獸,而功不至於百姓者,獨何與?然則一羽之不舉,為不用力焉;輿薪之不見,為不用明焉,百姓之不見保,為不用恩焉。故王之不王,不為也,非不能也。”
On which Mencius proceeded, 'Now here is kindness sufficient to reach to animals, and no benefits are extended from it to the people. How is this? Is an exception to be made here? The truth is, the feather is not lifted , because strength is not used; the waggon-load of firewood is not seen, because the eyesight is not used; and the people are not loved and protected, because kindness is not employed. Therefore your Majesty's not exercising the royal sway, is because you do not do it, not because you are not able to do it.'
   
曰:“不為者與不能者之形何以異?”
The king asked, 'How may the difference between the not doing a thing, and the not being able to do it, be represented?
   
曰:“挾太山以超北海,語人曰‘我不能’,是誠不能也。為長者折枝,語人曰‘我不能’,是不為也,非不能也。故王之不王,非挾太山以超北海之類也;王之不王,是折枝之類也。老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼。天下可運於掌。《詩》云:‘刑于寡妻,至于兄弟,以御于家邦。’言舉斯心加諸彼而已。故推恩足以保四海,不推恩無以保妻子。古之人所以大過人者無他焉,善推其所為而已矣。今恩足以及禽獸,而功不至於百姓者,獨何與?權,然後知輕重;度,然後知長短。物皆然,心為甚。王請度之!抑王興甲兵,危士臣,構怨於諸侯,然後快於心與?”
Mencius replied,'In such a thing as taking the Tai mountain under your arm, and leaping over the north sea with it, if you say to people "I am not able to do it," that is a real case of not being able. In such a matter as breaking off a branch from a tree at the order of a superior, if you say to people "I am not able to do it," that is a case of not doing it, it is not a case of not being able to do it. Therefore your Majesty's not exercising the royal sway, is not such a case as that of taking the Tai mountain under your arm, and leaping over the north sea with it. Your Majesty's not exercising the royal sway is a case like that of breaking off a branch from a tree. Treat with the reverence due to age the elders in your own family, so that the elders in the families of others shall be similarly treated; treat with the kindness due to youth the young in your own family, so that the young in the families of others shall be similarly treated - do this, and the kingdom may be made to go round in your palm. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "His example affected his wife. It reached to his brothers, and his family of the State was governed by it." The language shows how king Wen simply took his kindly heart, and exercised it towards those parties. Therefore the carrying out his kindness of heart by a prince will suffice for the love and protection of all within the four seas, and if he do not carry it out, he will not be able to protect his wife and children. The way in which the ancients came greatly to surpass other men, was no other but this - simply that they knew well how to carry out, so as to affect others, what they themselves did. Now your kindness is sufficient to reach to animals, and no benefits are extended from it to reach the people. How is this? Is an exception to be made here? By weighing, we know what things are light, and what heavy. By measuring, we know what things are long, and what short. The relations of all things may be thus determined, and it is of the greatest importance to estimate the motions of the mind. I beg your Majesty to measure it. You collect your equipments of war, endanger your soldiers and officers, and excite the resentment of the other princes - do these things cause you pleasure in your mind?'
   
王曰:“否。吾何快於是?將以求吾所大欲也。”
The king replied, 'No. How should I derive pleasure from these things? My object in them is to seek for what I greatly desire.'
【原文】
  王说⑴曰:“《诗》云⑵:‘他人有心,予忖度⑶之。’夫子之谓也。夫我乃行之,反而求之,不得吾心。夫子言之,于我心有戚戚⑷焉。此心之所以合于王者,何也?”
  曰:“有复于王者曰:‘吾力足以举百钧⑸’,而不足以举一羽;‘明足以察秋毫之末⑹’,而不见舆薪⑺,则王许⑻之乎?”
  曰:“否。”
  “今恩足以及禽兽,而功不至于百姓者,独何与?然则一羽之不举,为不用力焉;舆薪之不见,为不用明焉,百姓之不见保,为不用恩焉。故王之不王,不为也,非不能也。”
  曰:“不为者与不能者之形⑼何以异?”曰:“挟太山以超北海⑽,语人曰‘我不能’,是诚不能也。为长者折枝,语人曰‘我不能’,是不为也,非不能也。故王之不王,非挟太山以超北海之类也;王之不王,是折枝之类也。”
  “老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼⑾。天下可运于掌⑿。《诗》云⒀:‘刑于寡妻⒁,至于兄弟,以御⒂于家邦。’言举斯心加诸彼而已。故推恩足以保四海,不推恩无以保妻子。古之人所以大过人者无他焉,善推其所为而已矣。今恩足以及禽兽,而功不至于百姓者,独何与?”
  “权⒃,然后知轻重;度,然后知长短。物皆然,心为甚。王请度之!抑⒄王兴甲兵,危士臣,构怨⒅于诸侯,然后快于心与?”
  王曰:“否。吾何快于是?将以求吾所大欲也。”
  【注释】
⑴说:同“悦”。
⑵《诗》云:引自《诗经.小雅.巧言》。
⑶忖度:猜测,揣想。
⑷戚戚:心有所动的感觉。
⑸钧:古代重量单位,三十斤为一钧。
⑹秋毫之末:指细微难见的东西。
⑺舆:车子。薪:木柴。
⑻许:赞许,同意。
⑼形:情况,状况。
⑽太山:泰山。北海:渤海。
⑾老吾老幼吾幼:第一个“老”和“幼”都作动词用,老:尊敬;幼:爱护。
⑿运于掌:在手心里运转,比喻治理天下很容易。
⒀《诗》云:以下三句引自《诗经.大雅.思齐》。
⒁刑:同“型”,指树立榜样,做示范。寡妻:国君的正妻。
⒂御:治理。
⒃权:本指秤锤,这里用作动词,指称物。
⒄抑:选择连词,相当于现代汉语的“还是”。
⒅构怨:结怨,构成仇恨。
  【译文】
  齐宣王很高兴地说:“《诗经》说:‘别人有什麽心思,我能揣测出。’这就是说的先生您吧。我自己这样做了,反过来想想为什麽要这样做,却说不出所以然来。倒是您老人家这麽一说,我的心便豁然开朗了。但您说我的这种心态与用道德统一天下的王道相合又怎麽理解呢?”
  孟子说:“假如有人来向大王报告说:‘我的力量能够举得起三千斤,却拿不起一根羽毛;视力能够看得清秋天毫毛的末梢,却看不见摆在眼前的一车柴草。’大王您会相信他的话吗?”
  宣王说:“当然不会相信。”
  孟子便接着说:“如今大王您的恩惠能够施及动物,却偏偏不能够施及老百姓,是为什麽呢?一根羽毛拿不起,是不愿意用力气拿的缘故;一车柴草看不见,是不愿意用眼睛看的缘故;老百姓不能安居乐业,是君王不愿意施恩惠的缘故。所以大王您没有能够用道德来统一天下,是不愿意做,而不是做不到。”
  宣王说:“不愿意做和做不到有什麽区别呢?”
  孟子说:“要一个人把泰山夹在胳膊下跳过北海,这人告诉人说:‘我做不到。’这是真的做不到。要一个人为老年人折一根树枝这人告诉人说:‘我做不到。’这是不愿意做,而不是做不到。大王您没有做到用道德来统一天下,不是属于把泰山夹在胳膊下跳过北海的一类,而是属于为老年人折树枝的一类。
  “尊敬自己的老人,并由此推广到尊敬别人的老人;爱护自己的孩子,并由此推广到爱护别人的孩子。做到了这一点,整个天下便会像在自己的手掌心里运转一样容易治理了。《诗经》说:‘先给妻子做榜样,再推广到兄弟,再推广到家族和国家。’说的就是要把自己的心推广到别人身上去。所以,推广恩德足以安定天下,不推广恩德连自己的妻子儿女都保不了。古代的圣贤之所以能远远超过一般人,没有别的什麽,不过是善于推广他们的好行为罢了。如今大王您的恩惠能够施及动物,却不能够施及老百姓,偏偏是为什麽呢?
  “称一称才知道轻重,量一量才知道长短,什麽东西都是如此,人心更是这样。大王您请考虑考虑吧!难道真要发动全国军队,是将士冒着生命危险,去和别的国家结下仇怨,这样您的心里才痛快吗?”
宣王说:“不,我为什麽这样做心里才痛快呢?我只不过想实现我心里的最大愿望啊。”
  【读解】
  孟子关于“君子远庖厨”的一番心理分析说得齐宣王心服口服,就像我们去看医生而被诊断准确了病症了一样,于我心有戚器焉对医生悠然而生亲切之感,并得到进一步的诊断治疗。
  这一会,孟子用的是逻辑上的归谬法,先假定了两种荒唐的说法:“力足以举千钧,而不足以举一羽;明足以察秋毫之末,而不见舆薪。”齐宣王亲口对此加以否定,然后把宣王自己的做法加上去:“恩足以几禽兽,而功不至于百姓。”这样便轻而易举地使齐宣王认识到了自己存在的问题:不是不能,而是不为。也就是说,不是做不到,而是不愿做。
  当宣王对这两个概念的区别还有些不清楚时,孟子又作了生动的举例说明,这就是“挟太山以超北海”与“为长者折枝”的区别。“挟太山以超北海”是不能,是做不到,而“为长者折枝”则是愿不愿意做的问题了。说到底,关键是看你有没有朝这方面想,有没有这样一种精神。孟子的这一段分析,很容易使我们联想到毛泽东在《纪念白求恩》这篇文章中那一段著名的话:“一个人的能力有大小,但只要有这点精神,就是一个高尚的人,一个纯粹的人,一个有道德的人,一个脱离了低级趣味的人,一个有益于人民的人。”今天我们在生活中有许多这样事情,都是愿不愿意做,而不是做不做得到的问题。比如说为老年人让座,不要随地吐痰,遵守交通规则等等,的确都是“为长者折枝”举手之劳,而不是要你“挟太山以超北海”,做《封神演义》里的英雄。但我们就是生性懒惰,又缺乏“这点精神”,所以老是要去强坐,要随地吐痰,要闯红灯违反交通规则,如此等等,不一而足,都是没有想清楚“不为”与“不能”的道理。说到这里,是不是值得我们在生活小事上多加反省,多一点“为长者折枝”的精神呢?
  回到孟子的话题上来,在讲清楚了“不为”与“不能”的问题后,他又一次施展出心理学方面的本事,对齐宣王来了一番政治行为心理学的开导,这就是著名的“老吾老,以及人之老;幼吾幼,以及人之幼”理论,“推己及人”,首先自己做起,然后推及自己的夫人、兄弟,再到整个家族和国家。说到底,这一方面合与孔子“己欲立而立人,己达立而达人”和“己所不欲,勿施于人”的忠恕之道,另一方面也合于《大学》里修身、齐家、治国、平天下的人生进修阶梯。一旦做到了这一点,“天下可运于掌”还有什麽不能统一的呢?
  说完正题以后,孟子引用格言说:“权,然后知轻重;度,然后知长短;物皆然,心为甚。”希望齐宣王好好考虑,好好反省自己的所作所为。而最后还以“霸道”的做法、军国主义者的行为来加以反衬,刺激齐宣王逼他作出唯一正确的选择——实行仁政,推行以道德统一天下的王道。孟子在这里的做法,是由物理性的逻辑真理推及人的心理,要求齐宣王反躬自省,认识自己。我们在《论语》里已经知道,儒学非常重视人的自我反省功夫,所以曾子说:“吾日三省吾身”。在儒家看来只有经常衡量,才能认识自己,改善自己。不过,我们在这里突然想到的却是,认识自己固然需要自省,认识他人不是更需要权衡度量吗?俗话说:“虎豹不堪骑,人心隔肚皮。”谁能够造出这权衡度量人心的公平秤和标准尺子呢?让.保尔.萨特说:“他人就是你的地狱。”谁又能够知道“地狱”的长短轻重呢?
  当然,这些都是题外话了。
回复

使用道具 举报

您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 注册入学

本版积分规则

联系我们|Archiver|小黑屋|手机版|滚动|柠檬大学 ( 京ICP备13050917号-2 )

GMT+8, 2025-8-29 18:18 , Processed in 0.045123 second(s), 16 queries .

Powered by Discuz! X3.5 Licensed

© 2001-2025 Discuz! Team.

快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表