《孟子》中英文版
第二编 《梁惠王下》(4)
第四章 乐以天下，忧以天下
齊宣王見孟子於雪宮。王曰：“賢者亦有此樂乎？”
The king Xuan of Qi had an interview with Mencius in the Snow palace, and said to him, 'Do men of talents and worth likewise find pleasure in these things?'
孟子對曰：“有。人不得，則非其上矣。不得而非其上者，非也；為民上而不與民同樂者，亦非也。樂民之樂者，民亦樂其樂；憂民之憂者，民亦憂其憂。樂以天下，憂以天下，然而不王者，未之有也。
Mencius replied, 'They do; and if people generally are not able to enjoy themselves, they condemn their superiors. For them, when they cannot enjoy themselves, to condemn their superiors is wrong, but when the superiors of the people do not make enjoyment a thing common to the people and themselves, they also do wrong. When a ruler rejoices in the joy of his people, they also rejoice in his joy; when he grieves at the sorrow of his people, they also grieve at his sorrow. A sympathy of joy will pervade the kingdom; a sympathy of sorrow will do the same - in such a state of things, it cannot be but that the ruler attain to the royal dignity.
“昔者齊景公問於晏子曰：‘吾欲觀於轉附、朝儛，遵海而南，放于琅邪。吾何脩而可以比於先王觀也？’晏子對曰：‘善哉問也！天子適諸侯曰巡狩，巡狩者巡所守也；諸侯朝於天子曰述職，述職者述所職也。無非事者。春省耕而補不足，秋省斂而助不給。夏諺曰：“吾王不遊，吾何以休？吾王不豫，吾何以助？一遊一豫，為諸侯度。”今也不然：師行而糧食，飢者弗食，勞者弗息。睊睊胥讒，民乃作慝。方命虐民，飲食若流。流連荒亡，為諸侯憂。從流下而忘反謂之流，從流上而忘反謂之連，從獸無厭謂之荒，樂酒無厭謂之亡。先王無流連之樂，荒亡之行。惟君所行也。’景公說，大戒於國，出舍於郊。於是始興發補不足。召大師曰：‘為我作君臣相說之樂！’蓋徵招角招是也。其詩曰：‘畜君何尤？’畜君者，好君也。”
'Formerly, the duke Jing of Qi asked the minister Yan, saying, "I wish to pay a visit of inspection to Zhuan Fu, and Chao Wu, and then to bend my course southward along the shore, till I come to Lang Xie. What shall I do that my tour may be fit to be compared with the visits of inspection made by the ancient sovereigns?" The minister Yan replied, "An excellent inquiry! When the Son of Heaven visited the princes, it was called a tour of inspection, that is, be surveyed the States under their care. When the princes attended at the court of the Son of Heaven, it was called a report of office, that is, they reported their administration of their offices. Thus, neither of the proceedings was without a purpose. And moreover, in the spring they examined the ploughing, and supplied any deficiency of seed; in the autumn they examined the reaping, and supplied any deficiency of yield. There is the saying of the Xia dynasty - If our king do not take his ramble, what will become of our happiness? If our king do not make his excursion, what will become of our help? That ramble, and that excursion, were a pattern to the princes. Now, the state of things is different. A host marches in attendance on the ruler, and stores of provisions are consumed. The hungry are deprived of their food, and there is no rest for those who are called to toil. Maledictions are uttered by one to another with eyes askance, and the people proceed to the commission of wickedness. Thus the royal ordinances are violated, and the people are oppressed, and the supplies of food and drink flow away like water. The rulers yield themselves to the current, or they urge their way against it; they are wild; they are utterly lost - these things proceed to the grief of the inferior princes. Descending along with the current, and forgetting to return, is what I call yielding to it. Pressing up against it, and forgetting to return, is what I call urging their way against it. Pursuing the chase without satiety is what I call being wild. Delighting in wine without satiety is what I call being lost. The ancient sovereigns had no pleasures to which they gave themselves as on the flowing stream; no doings which might be so characterized as wild and lost. It is for you, my prince, to pursue your course." The duke Ching was pleased. He issued a proclamation throughout his State, and went out and occupied a shed in the borders. From that time he began to open his granaries to supply the wants of the people, and calling the Grand music-master, he said to him "Make for me music to suit a prince and his minister pleased with each other." And it was then that the Zheng Zhao and Jiao Zhao were made, in the words to which it was said, "Is it a fault to restrain one's prince?" He who restrains his prince loves his prince.'
【原文】
齐宣王见孟子于雪宫①。王曰：“贤者亦有此乐乎？”
孟子对曰：“有。人不得，则非②其上矣。不得而非其上者，非③也；为民上而不与民同乐者，亦非也。乐民之乐者，民亦乐其乐；忧民之忧者，民亦忧其忧。乐以天下，忧以天下，然而不王者，未之有也。
“昔者齐景公④问于晏子⑤曰：‘吾欲观于转附、朝舞⑥，遵海而南，放于琅邪⑦。吾何修而可以比于先王观也？’
晏子对曰：‘善哉问也！天子适诸侯曰巡狩，巡狩者巡所守也；诸侯朝于天子曰述职，述职者述所职也。无非事者。春省耕而补不足，秋省敛而助不给。夏谚曰：“吾王不游，吾何以休？吾王不豫⑧，吾何以助？一游一豫，为诸侯度。”今也不然：师行而粮食，饥者弗食，劳者弗息。睊睊胥谗⑨，民乃作慝⑩。方命⑾虐民，饮食若流。流连荒亡，为诸侯忧。从流下而忘反谓之流，从流上而忘反谓之连，从兽无厌谓之荒，乐酒无厌谓之亡。先王无流连之乐，荒亡之行。惟君所行也。’
景公悦，大戒⑿于国，出舍于郊。于是始兴发补不足。召大师⒀曰：‘为我作君臣相说之乐！’盖《徴招》、《角招》⒁是也。其诗曰：‘畜君何尤⒂？’畜君者，好君也。”
【注释】
①雪宫：齐宣王的离宫（古代帝王在正宫以外临时居住的宫室，相当于当今的别墅之类）。
②非：动词，认为......非，即非难，埋怨。
③非：不对，错误。
④齐景公：春秋时代齐国国君，公元前547年至前490年在位。
⑤晏子：春秋时齐国贤相，名婴，《晏子春秋》一书记载了他的事迹和学说。
⑥转附、朝舞：均为山名。
⑦琅邪：山名，在今山东省诸城东南。
⑧豫：义同“游”。
⑨睊睊：因愤恨侧目而视的样子；
⑩胥：皆，都；谗：毁谤，说坏话。慝：恶。
⑾方命：违反命令。方，反，违反。
⑿大戒：充分的准备。
⒀大师：读为“太师”，古代的乐官。
⒁《徴招》、《角招》：与角是古代五音（宫、商、角、徴、羽）中的两个，招同“韶”，乐曲名。
⒂蓄(xu)：爱好，喜爱。尤：错误，过失。
【译文】
齐宣王在别墅雪宫里接见孟子。宣王说：“贤人也有在这样的别墅里居住游玩的快乐吗？”
孟子回答说：“有。人们要是得不到这种快乐，就会埋怨他们的国君。得不到这种快乐就埋怨国君是不对的；可是作为老百姓的领导人而不与民同乐也是不对的。国君以老百姓的忧愁为忧愁，老百姓也会以国君的有愁为忧愁。以天下人的快乐为快乐，以天下人的忧愁为忧愁，这样还不能这样还不能够使天下归服，是没有过的。
“从前齐景公问晏子说：‘我想到转附、朝舞两座山去观光游览，然后沿着海岸向南行，一直到琅邪。我该怎样做才能够和古代圣贤君王的巡游相比呢？’
“晏子回答说：‘问得好呀！天子到诸侯国家去叫做巡狩。巡狩就是巡视各诸侯所守疆土的意思。诸侯去朝见天子叫述职。述职就是报告在他职责内的工作的意思。没有不和工作有关系的。春天里巡视耕种情况，对粮食不够吃的给予补助；秋天里巡视收获情况，对歉收的给予补助。夏朝的谚语说：“我王不出来游历，我怎么能得到休息？我王不出来巡视，我怎么能得到赏赐？一游历一巡视，足以作为诸侯的法度。”现在可不是这样了，国君一出游就兴师动众，索取粮食。饥饿的人得不到粮食补助，劳苦的人得不到休息。大家侧目而视，怨声载道，违法乱记的事情也就做出来了。这种出游违背天意，虐待百姓，大吃大喝如同流水一样浪费。真是流连荒亡，连诸侯们都为此而忧虑。什么叫流连荒亡呢？从上游向下游的游玩乐而忘返叫做流；从下游向上游的游玩乐而忘返叫做连；打猎不知厌倦叫做荒；嗜酒不加节制叫做亡。古代圣贤君王既无流连的享乐，也无荒亡的行为。至于大王您的行为，只有您自己选择了。’
“齐景公听了晏子的话非常高兴，先在都城内作了充分的准备，然后驻扎在郊外，打开仓库赈济贫困的人。又召集乐官说：‘给我创作一些君臣同乐的乐曲！’这就是《徴招》、《角招》。其中的歌词说：‘畜君有什么不对呢？’‘畜君’，就是热爱国君的意思。”
【读解】
这一章的核心还是“与民同乐”的问题，只不过角度有所不同罢了。
在《梁惠王上》篇里孟子见梁惠王于沼上时已经谈到过“古之人与民偕乐，故能乐也”的问题。在本篇中，孟子也曾与齐宣王两次讨论过“与民同乐”的问题。一次是在谈到欣赏音乐时，孟子告诉齐宣王，只要能够做到与民同乐，无论是喜爱古典音乐还是流行音乐都是好事而不是坏事。（2.1）另一次是在谈到皇家园林的大小时，孟子告诉齐宣王，如果与民同乐，向老百姓开放，皇家园林再大（如周文王的方圆七十里），老百姓也不会嫌它大。如果不与民同乐，不准老百姓进入，皇家园林再小（如齐宣王的方圆四十里），老百姓也会嫌它大。（2.2）所以，本章其实是孟子第三次与齐宣王讨论“与民同乐”的问题了。
这一次讨论的特点是不仅说到乐，而且还从乐说到忧，所谓“乐以天下，忧以天下”，更为完整地显示了孟子政治学说中的民本主义思想。
这也使我们想到，宋人范仲淹《岳阳楼记》中那传诵千古的名句——“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”——不正是从孟子这里的“乐以天下，忧以天下”而生发出来的吗？
不过，从“乐以天下，忧以天下”的与民同乐同忧到“先”天下之忧而忧，“后”天下之乐而乐，的确注入了更为强烈的使命感和自我牺牲精神，而且，也更具有一种浓厚的悲剧意识。所以，它能更为激动人心地为人们所传诵。
直到今天，当我们说到什么人为人民大众的利益而牺牲时，还会想到这两句名言。
追根溯原，其实还是一种“以民为本”的思想在影响着我们的认识，激动着我们的感情。而这一点，又不能不回到作为孟子“仁政”理论重要组成部分之一的“与民同乐”思想上来。
第五章 贪财好色怎么办？ |
