《孟子》中英文版
第三编 《公孫丑上》(1)
《公孫丑上 - Gong Sun Chou I》（共九章）
公孙丑上
公孙丑上本篇前两章记载盂子与学生公孙丑的对话，其余均系孟子个人言论的记录。总起来说，仍以政治学说，尤其是“仁政”理论为主。即便是说到其它方面的问题，也往往落脚于“仕政”之上。全篇原文共９章。
第一章 乘势待时，事半功倍
公孫丑問曰：“夫子當路於齊，管仲、晏子之功，可復許乎？”
Gong Sun Chou asked Mencius, saying, 'Master, if you were to obtain the ordering of the government in Qi, could you promise yourself to accomplish anew such results as those realized by Guan Zhong and Yan?'
孟子曰：“子誠齊人也，知管仲、晏子而已矣。或問乎曾西曰；‘吾子與子路孰賢？’曾西蹴然曰：‘吾先子之所畏也。’曰：‘然則吾子與管仲孰賢？’曾西艴然不悅，曰：‘爾何曾比予於管仲？管仲得君，如彼其專也；行乎國政，如彼其久也；功烈，如彼其卑也。爾何曾比予於是？’”曰：“管仲，曾西之所不為也，而子為我願之乎？”
Mencius said, 'You are indeed a true man of Qi. You know about Guan Zhong and Yan, and nothing more. Some one asked Zeng Xi, saying, "Sir, to which do you give the superiority, to yourself or to Zi Lu?" Zeng Zi looked uneasy, and said, "He was an object of veneration to my grandfather." "Then," pursued the other, "Do you give the superiority to yourself or to Guan Zhong?" Zeng Zi, flushed with anger and displeased, said, "How dare you compare me with Guan Zhong? Considering how entirely Guan Zhong possessed the confidence of his prince, how long he enjoyed the direction of the government of the State, and how low, after all, was what he accomplished - how is it that you liken me to him?" Thus,' concluded Mencius, 'Zeng Xi would not play Guan Zhong, and is it what you desire for me that I should do so?'
曰：“管仲以其君霸，晏子以其君顯。管仲、晏子猶不足為與？”
Gong Sun Chou said, 'Guan Zhong raised his prince to be the leader of all the other princes, and Yan made his prince illustrious, and do you still think it would not be enough for you to do what they did?'
曰：“以齊王，由反手也。”
Mencius answered, 'To raise Qi to the royal dignity would be as easy as it is to turn round the hand.'
曰：“若是，則弟子之惑滋甚。且以文王之德，百年而後崩，猶未洽於天下；武王、周公繼之，然後大行。今言王若易然，則文王不足法與？”
'So!' returned the other. 'The perplexity of your disciple is hereby very much increased. There was king Wen, moreover, with all the virtue which belonged to him; and who did not die till he had reached a hundred years - and still his influence had not penetrated throughout the kingdom. It required king Wu and the duke of Zhou to continue his course, before that influence greatly prevailed. Now you say that the royal dignity might be so easily obtained - is king Wen then not a sufficient object for imitation?'
曰：“文王何可當也？由湯至於武丁，賢聖之君六七作。天下歸殷久矣，久則難變也。武丁朝諸侯有天下，猶運之掌也。紂之去武丁未久也，其故家遺俗，流風善政，猶有存者；又有微子、微仲、王子比干、箕子、膠鬲皆賢人也，相與輔相之，故久而後失之也。尺地莫非其有也，一民莫非其臣也，然而文王猶方百里起，是以難也。齊人有言曰：‘雖有智慧，不如乘勢；雖有鎡基，不如待時。’
Mencius said, 'How can king Wen be matched? From Tang to Wu Ding there had appeared six or seven worthy and sage sovereigns. The kingdom had been attached to Yin for a long time, and this length of time made a change difficult. Wu Ding had all the princes coming to his court, and possessed the kingdom as if it had been a thing which he moved round in his palm. Then, Zhou was removed from Wu Ding by no great interval of time. There were still remaining some of the ancient families and of the old manners, of the influence also which had emanated from the earlier sovereigns, and of their good government. Moreover, there were the viscount of Wei and his second son, their Royal Highnesses Bi Gan and the viscount of Qi, and Jiao Ge, all men of ability and virtue, who gave their joint assistance to Zhou in his government. In consequence of these things, it took a long time for him to lose the throne. There was not a foot of ground which he did not possess. There was not one of all the people who was not his subject. So it was on his side, and king Wen at his beginning had only a territory of one hundred square li. On all these accounts, it was difficult for him immediately to attain to the royal dignity. The people of Qi have a saying - "A man may have wisdom and discernment, but that is not like embracing the favourable opportunity. A man may have instruments of husbandry, but that is not like waiting for the farming seasons."
“今時則易然也。夏后、殷、周之盛，地未有過千里者也，而齊有其地矣；雞鳴狗吠相聞，而達乎四境，而齊有其民矣。地不改辟矣，民不改聚矣，行仁政而王，莫之能禦也。且王者之不作，未有疏於此時者也；民之憔悴於虐政，未有甚於此時者也。飢者易為食，渴者易為飲。孔子曰：‘德之流行，速於置郵而傳命。’當今之時，萬乘之國行仁政，民之悅之，猶解倒懸也。故事半古之人，功必倍之，惟此時為然。”
The present time is one in which the royal dignity may be easily attained. In the flourishing periods of the Xia, Yin, and Zhou dynasties, the royal domain did not exceed a thousand li, and Qi embraces so much territory. Cocks crow and dogs bark to one another, all the way to the four borders of the State - so Qi possesses the people. No change is needed for the enlarging of its territory; no change is needed for the collecting of a population. If its ruler will put in practice a benevolent government, no power will be able to prevent his becoming sovereign. Moreover, never was there a time farther removed than the present from the rise of a true sovereign: never was there a time when the sufferings of the people from tyrannical government were more intense than the present. The hungry readily partake of any food, and the thirsty of any drink. Confucius said, "The flowing progress of virtue is more rapid than the transmission of royal orders by stages and couriers." At the present time, in a country of ten thousand chariots, let benevolent government be put in practice, and the people will be delighted with it, as if they were relieved from hanging by the heels. With half the merit of the ancients, double their achievements is sure to be realized. It is only at this time that such could be the case.'
【原文】
公孙丑①问曰：“夫子当路②于齐，管仲、晏子之功，可复许③乎？”
盂子曰：“子诚齐人也，知管仲、晏子而已矣。或问乎曾西(4)曰：‘吾子⑤与于路孰贤？’曾西蹵(6)然曰：‘吾先子(7)之所畏也。’曰：‘然则吾子与管仲孰贤？’曾西艴然(8)不悦，曰：‘尔何曾(9)比予其管仲！管仲得君如彼其专也，行乎国政如彼其久也，功烈如彼其单也，尔何曾比予于是？’”曰：“管仲，曾西之所不为也，而子为(10)我愿之乎？”
曰：“管仲以其君霸，晏子以其君显。管仲、晏子犹不足为与？”
曰：“以齐王，由(11)反手也。”
曰：“若是，则弟子之惑滋甚。且以文王之德，百年而后崩(12),犹未洽于天下；武王、周公(13)继之，然后大行。今言王若易然，则文王不足法与？”
曰：“文王何可当也！由汤至于武丁，贤圣之君六七作(14)，天下归殷久矣，久则难变也。武丁朝诸候，有天下，犹运之掌也。纣之去武丁未久也，其故家遗俗，流风善风善政，犹有存者；又有微子、微仲、王子比干、箕子、胶鬲－－皆贤人也－－相与(15)辅相(16)之，故久而后失之也。尺地，莫非其有也；一民，莫非其臣也；然而文王犹方百里起，是以难也。齐人有言曰：‘虽有智慧，不如乘势；虽有鎡基，不如待时(17)’。，今时则易然也：夏后、殷、周之盛，地未有过千里者也，而齐有其也矣；鸡鸣狗吠相闻，而达乎四境，而齐有其民矣。地不改辟矣，民不改聚矣，行仁政而王，莫之能御也。且王者之不作，未有疏于此时者也；民这憔悴于虐政，未有甚于此时者也。饥者易为食，渴者易为饮。孔子曰：‘德之流行，速于置邮(18)而传命。’当今之时，万乘之国行仁政，民之悦之，犹解倒悬也。故事半古之人，功必倍之，惟此时为然。”
【注释】
①公孙丑：孟子的学生，齐国人。
②当路：当权，当政。
③许：兴盛、复兴。
(4)曾西：名曾申，字子西，鲁国人，孔子学生曾参的儿子。
(5)吾子：对友人的花色品种称，相当于“吾兄”、“老兄”之类。
(6)蹵然：不安的样子。
(7)先子：指已逝世的长辈。这里指曾西的父亲曾参。
(8)艴然:恼怒的样子。
(9)曾：副词，竟然、居然。
(10)为：同“谓”，认为。
(11)由：同“犹”，好像。
(12)百年而后崩：相传周文王活了九十七岁。百年是泛指寿命很长。
(13)周公：名姬旦，周文王的儿子，武王的弟弟，辅助武王伐纣，统一天下，又辅助成王定乱，安定天下成为鲁国的始祖。
(14)作：在这里为量词，相当于现代口语“起”。
(15)相与：双音副词，“共同”的意思。
(16)辅相：双音动词，辅助。
(17)鎡基：农具，相当于今天的锄头之类。
(18)置邮：置和邮都是名词，相当于后代的驿站。
【译文】
公孙丑问道：“先生如果在齐国当权，管仲、晏子的功业可以再度兴起来吗？”
孟子说：“你可真是个齐国人啊，只知道管仲、晏子。曾经有人间曾西：‘您和子路相比，哪个更有才能？”曾西不安他说：‘子路可是我父亲所敬畏的人啊，我怎么能和他相比呢？，那人又问：‘那么您和管仲相比，哪个更有才能呢？’曾西马上不高兴起来，说：‘你怎么竟拿管仲来和我相比呢？管仲受到齐桓公那样信任不疑，行使国家政权那样长久，而功绩却是那样少，你怎么竟拿他来和我相比呢？’”孟子接着说：“管仲是曾西都不愿跟他相比的人，你以为我愿意跟他相比吗？”
公孙丑说：“管仲辅佐桓公称霸天下，晏子辅佐景公名扬诸侯。难道管仲、晏子还不值得相比吗？“
孟子说：“以齐国的实力用王道来统一天下，易如反掌。”
公孙丑说：“您这样一说，弟子我就更力口疑惑不解了。以周文王那样的仁德，活了将近一百岁才死，还没有能够统一天下。直到周武王、周公继承他的事业，然后才统一天下。现在您说用王道统一天下易如反掌，那么，连周文王都不值得学习了吗？”
孟子说：“我们怎么可以比得上周文王呢？由商汤到武丁，贤明的君主有六七个，天下人归服殷朝已经很久了，久就难以变动，武丁使诸侯们来朝，统治天下就像在自己的手掌心里运转一样容易。纣王离武丁并不久远，武丁的勋臣世家、良好习俗、传统风尚、慈善政治都还有遗存，又有微于、微仲、王子比干、箕子、胶鬲等一批贤臣共同辅佐，所以能统治很久以后才失去政权。当时没有一尺土地不属于纣王所有，没有一个百姓不属于纣王统治，在那种情况下，文王还只能从方圆百里的小地方兴起，所以是是非常困难的。齐国人有句话说：‘虽然有智慧，不如趁形势；虽然有锄头，不如等农时。’现在的时势就很利于用王道统一天下：夏、商、周三代兴盛的时候，没有哪一国的国土有超过方圆千里的，而现在的齐国却超过了；鸡鸣狗叫的声音处处都听得见，一直到四方边境，这说明齐国人口众多。国土不需要新开辟，老百姓不需要新团聚，如果施行仁政来统一天下，没有谁能够阻挡。何况，统一天下的贤君没有出现，从来没有隔过这么久的；老百姓受暴政的压榨，从来没有这么厉害过的。饥饿的人不择食物，口渴的人不择饮料。孔子说：‘道德的流行，比驿站传递政令还要迅速。’现在这个时候，拥有一万辆兵车的大国施行仁政，老百姓的高兴，就像被吊着的人得到解救一样。所以，做古人一半的事，就可以成就古人双倍的功绩。只有这个时候才做得到吧。”
【读解】
作为儒家“王道”政治的推行者，孟子不屑于与“霸道”政治寡管仲、晏婴相比，这正如齐宣王问“齐桓、晋文之事”他不予回答一样。
他所热衷的，是在齐国推行“王道”政治，靠实施“仁政”来统一天下。而且，他认为无论从土地、人口，还是从时机来看，目前都是实施王道的最好时候，可以收到事半功倍的效果。
姑且撇开孟子关于王道的种种论述不谈，只看他关于乘势待时，事半功倍的思想，我们也可以得到较为深刻的启示。所谓“赶得早不如赶得巧，算得精不如运气好。”这其实没有什么神秘的地方，不外乎是强调抓住时机，捕捉机遇的重要性罢了。
在某种意义上说，个人智慧的确不如时势造英雄，工具优良也的确不如时机重要。所以，很多人怨天尤人，认为自己怀才不遇，实际上是自己没有抓住时机。居里夫人曾经说过：“弱者坐待良机，强者制造时机。”就是强调主动出击，抓住时机。
当然，这里所说的“乘势待时”，主要是说要分析情况，抓准时机，而不是说在政治上赶形势，窥风向，搞投机。这里的区别，可以以田径赛中的起跑为例。如果你错过了起跑的口令，老是慢半拍才回过神来，这是没有抓住时机，自然要影响你的成绩，被别人甩在后面。但是，如果你投机取巧，抢在口令发出之前起跑，那你就不仅没有抓住时机，反而还犯了规，有被逐出赛场的危险了。
所以，反过来说，识时务者为俊杰。真正要乘势待进，其实也离不开智慧。有智慧才能正确分析各方面错综复杂的情况，作出决断，抓准时机，收到事半功倍的效果。相反，则很难做到这一点，往往让时机从自己的身旁悄悄溜走而不自知。就像有人所说：“许多人对于时机就如小孩子们在岸边所做的一样，他们的小手盛满砂粒，又让那些砂粒漏下去，一粒粒地，以至于尽。”
身处市场经济体制的时代，无论是做生意，炒股票，还是选择自己的职业，机遇的问题都越来越突出地摆在大家面前。如何乘势待时，抓住机遇，也就越来越引起人们的重视。盂子关于“王道”、“霸道”的论述也许不会引起你的多大兴趣，但他关于“虽有智慧，不如乘势；虽有鎡基，不如待时”的看法，关于如何做到“事半功倍”的讨论，也许就不会不引起你的一些思考了罢。 |
