《孟子》中英文版
第九编 《万章上》(6)
第六章 继世以有天下
萬章問曰：“人有言：‘至於禹而德衰，不傳於賢而傳於子。’有諸？”
Wan Zhang asked Mencius, saying, 'People say, "When the disposal of the kingdom came to Yu, his virtue was inferior to that of Yao and Shun, and he transmitted it not to the worthiest but to his son." Was it so?'
孟子曰：“否，不然也。天與賢，則與賢；天與子，則與子。昔者舜薦禹於天，十有七年，舜崩。三年之喪畢，禹避舜之子於陽城。天下之民從之，若堯崩之後，不從堯之子而從舜也。禹薦益於天，七年，禹崩。三年之喪畢，益避禹之子於箕山之陰。朝覲訟獄者不之益而之啟，曰：‘吾君之子也。’謳歌者不謳歌益而謳歌啟，曰：‘吾君之子也。’丹朱之不肖，舜之子亦不肖。舜之相堯，禹之相舜也，歷年多，施澤於民久。啟賢，能敬承繼禹之道。益之相禹也，歷年少，施澤於民未久。舜、禹、益相去久遠，其子之賢不肖，皆天也，非人之所能為也。莫之為而為者，天也；莫之致而至者，命也。匹夫而有天下者，德必若舜禹，而又有天子薦之者，故仲尼不有天下。繼世以有天下，天之所廢，必若桀紂者也，故益、伊尹、周公不有天下。伊尹相湯以王於天下。湯崩，太丁未立，外丙二年，仲壬四年。太甲顛覆湯之典刑，伊尹放之於桐。三年，太甲悔過，自怨自艾，於桐處仁遷義；三年，以聽伊尹之訓己也，復歸于亳。周公之不有天下，猶益之於夏，伊尹之於殷也。孔子曰：‘唐虞禪，夏后、殷、周繼，其義一也。’”
Mencius replied, 'No; it was not so. When Heaven gave the kingdom to the worthiest, it was given to the worthiest. When Heaven gave it to the son of the preceding sovereign, it was given to him. Shun presented Yu to Heaven. Seventeen years elapsed, and Shun died. When the three years' mourning was expired, Yu withdrew from the son of Shun to Yang Cheng. The people of the kingdom followed him just as after the death of Yao, instead of following his son, they had followed Shun. Yu presented Yi to Heaven. Seven years elapsed, and Yu died. When the three years' mourning was expired, Yi withdrew from the son of Yu to the north of mount Qi. The princes, repairing to court, went not to Yi, but they went to Qi. Litigants did not go to Yi, but they went to Qi, saying, "He is the son of our sovereign;" the singers did not sing Yi, but they sang Qi, saying, "He is the son of our sovereign. That Dan Zhu was not equal to his father, and Shun's son not equal to his; that Shun assisted Yao, and Yu assisted Shun, for many years, conferring benefits on the people for a long time; that thus the length of time during which Shun, Yu, and Yi assisted in the government was so different; that Qi was able, as a man of talents and virtue, reverently to pursue the same course as Yu; that Yi assisted Yu only for a few years, and had not long conferred benefits on the people; that the periods of service of the three were so different; and that the sons were one superior, and the other superior - all this was from Heaven, and what could not be brought about by man. That which is done without man's doing is from Heaven. That which happens without man's causing is from the ordinance of Heaven. In the case of a private individual obtaining the throne, there must be in him virtue equal to that of Shun or Yu; and moreover there must be the presenting of him to Heaven by the preceding sovereign. It was on this account that Confucius did not obtain the throne. When the kingdom is possessed by natural succession, the sovereign who is displaced by Heaven must be like Jie or Zhou. It was on this account that Yi, Yi Yin, and Zhou Gong did not obtain the throne. Yi Yin assisted Tang so that he became sovereign over the kingdom. After the demise of Tang, Tai Ding having died before he could be appointed sovereign, Wai Bing reigned two years, and Zhong Ren four. Tai Jia was then turning upside down the statutes of Tang, when Yi Yin placed him in Tong for three years. There Tai Jia repented of his errors, was contrite, and reformed himself. In Tong be came to dwell in benevolence and walk in righteousness, during those threee years, listening to the lessons given to him by Yi Yin. Then Yi Yin again returned with him to Bo. Zhou Gong not getting the throne was like the case of Yi and the throne of Xia, or like that of Yi Yin and the throne of Yin. Confucius said, "Tang and Yu resigned the throne to their worthy ministers. The sovereign of Xia and those of Yin and Zhou transmitted it to their sons. The principle of righteousness was the same in all the cases."'
【原文】
万章问曰：“人有言：至於禹而德衰，不传於贤而传於子：有诸？”
孟子曰：“否，不然也。天与贤，则与贤；天与子，则与子。昔者舜荐禹於天，十有七年；舜崩，三年之丧毕，禹避舜之子於阳城1；天下之民从之，若尧崩之後不从尧之子而从舜也。禹荐益於天。七年；禹崩，三年之丧毕，益避禹之子於箕山2之阴。朝觐讼狱者，不之益3而之启4，曰：‘吾君之子也。’讴歌者，不讴歌益而讴歌启，曰：‘吾君之子也。’
“丹朱5之不肖，舜之子亦不肖；舜之相尧，禹之相舜也，历年多，施泽於民久。启贤，能敬承继禹之道；益之相禹也，历年少，施泽於民未久。舜、禹、益相去久远，其子之贤不肖，皆天也，非人之所能为也，莫之为而为者，天也；莫之致而至者，命也。
“匹夫而有天下者，德必若舜、禹，而又有天子荐之者。故仲尼不有天下。继世以有天下，天之所废，必若桀、纣者也。故益、伊尹、周公不有天下。
“伊尹相汤以王於天下，汤崩，太丁未立，外丙二年，仲壬四年；太甲颠覆汤之典刑，伊尹放之於桐6；三年，太甲悔过，自怨自艾，於桐处仁迁义三年，以听伊尹之训己也，复归于亳7。
“周公之不有天下，犹益之於夏，伊尹之於殷也。孔子曰：‘唐虞禅，夏后、殷、周继：其义一也。’”
【注释】
1.阳城：地名，在今河南登封县北部。
2.箕山：地名，在今河南登封县东南部。
3.益：为舜属下的一个大臣。《书·舜典》：“益哉！”《孟子·滕文公上》：“舜使益掌火，益烈山泽而焚之，禽兽逃匿。”这里用为人名之意。
4.启：夏禹的儿子，即夏后氏之子。中国历史上的第一王朝，系传说中禹的儿子启所建立的奴隶制国家，建都在安邑（今山西省夏县北）。
5.丹朱：人名，尧的儿子，名叫朱，封于丹，故称丹朱。
6.桐：地名，在今河南商丘以西，位处当时商朝国都的西南方。旧说桐是汤的葬地。
7.亳：(bó伯)地名，商汤的都城，在今河南偃师县西部。亳县，在安徽。蒙为北亳，汤受命为盟主之处。《书·立政》：“卢烝；三毫阪尹。”《书·汤诰序》：“汤既黜夏命，复归于毫，作《汤诰》。”《书·太甲序》：“太三年复归于毫，思庸。”《孟子·滕文公下》：“汤居亳，与葛为邻。”
【译文】
万章问：“听人说，到了禹的时候人生规律就衰微了，天下不传给贤人，而传给儿子，有这回事吗？”
孟子说：“不对，不是这样的。上天想把天下给贤人，就会给贤人；上天想把天下给儿子，就会给儿子。从前，舜推荐禹给上天，经过十七年，舜去世，服丧三年后，禹避开舜的儿子到了阳城，天下的老百姓都跟随着他，就像尧去世后不跟从尧的儿子而跟从舜一样。禹向上天推荐益，经过七年，禹去世，服丧三年后，益避开禹的儿子到了箕山的北面，朝见和打官司的人不到益的那里去而到启的那里去，他们说：‘这是我们天子的儿子。’歌颂的人都不歌颂益而歌颂启，他们说：‘这是我们天子的儿子。’尧的儿子丹朱不贤能，舜的儿子也不贤能。舜辅佐尧，禹辅佐舜，经历的岁月多，对百姓的恩惠时间也久。启很贤明，能恭敬地继承禹的道路，益辅佐禹，经历的岁月少，给予百姓的恩惠也不久。舜、禹、益之间，相去久远，他们的儿子贤明或不贤明，都是天意，不是人的力量所能为的。凡事不是人力所能办到的却自然办到了的，都是天意。不是人力所能招致的却自然来到了的，就是命运。一个平民而能拥有天下，品德修养必然像舜和禹一样，而且还要有天子的推荐，所以孔子就没能拥有天下。继承祖先而拥有天下的，上天所废弃的，必然是像夏桀、商纣一样的人，所以益、伊尹、周公也没能拥有天下。伊尹辅佐商汤统一了天下，商汤去世，太丁也没有做天子，外丙继位两年，仲壬在位四年，太甲破坏了商汤的典章法律，伊尹就把他流放到桐邑。过了三年，太甲悔过认罪，自己埋怨自己，在桐邑学习仁爱和改变行为方式，三年中，他听从伊尹对自己的训导，于是又回到亳都当天子。周公之所以没能拥有天下，就和益在夏代、伊尹在殷朝一样。孔子说：‘唐（尧）虞（舜）让贤，夏商周三代子孙继位相传，其意义都是一样的。’”
【解说】
从孟子的这段叙述，我们可以看到，与上章所说的尧的儿子不孝顺一样，舜的儿子也不孝顺，然而禹的儿子夏启很贤明，也很孝顺，能“敬承继禹之道”，故而人民称颂他为“吾君之子也。”所以虽然禹传位给益，但人民不认可他，而认可启。这就说明“孝”不仅仅是奉养父母，而是要继承先辈的道路，先辈的思想。因此，在“孝”的这个行为方式上，只有继承先辈的道路和思想才能得到人民的认可，才能继位而拥有天下。当然，孟子也说了，不是能继承先辈的道路和思想就能拥有天下，如伊尹、周公、孔子等都是很能继承先辈的道路和思想的，然而他们没能拥有天下，乃是别的原因，如没有天子的推荐等等。所以，不论是禅让还是子孙继位，关键就在于是否“孝”这个行为方式上，也就是说，在是否能继承先辈的道路和思想的行为方式上。 |
