《孟子》中英文版
第八编 《离娄下》(30)
第三十章 不孝有五，不顾父母
公都子曰：“匡章，通國皆稱不孝焉。夫子與之遊，又從而禮貌之，敢問何也？”
The disciple Gong Du said, 'Throughout the whole kingdom everybody pronounces Kuang Zhang unfilial. But you, Master, keep company with him, and moreover treat him with politeness. I venture to ask why you do so.'
孟子曰：“世俗所謂不孝者五：惰其四支，不顧父母之養，一不孝也；博弈好飲酒，不顧父母之養，二不孝也；好貨財，私妻子，不顧父母之養，三不孝也；從耳目之欲，以為父母戮，四不孝也；好勇鬥很，以危父母，五不孝也。章子有一於是乎？夫章子，子父責善而不相遇也。責善，朋友之道也；父子責善，賊恩之大者。夫章子，豈不欲有夫妻子母之屬哉？為得罪於父，不得近。出妻屏子，終身不養焉。其設心以為不若是，是則罪之大者，是則章子已矣。
Mencius replied, 'There are five things which are pronounced in the common usage of the age to be unfilial. The first is laziness in the use of one's four limbs, without attending to the nourishment of his parents. The second is gambling and chess-playing, and being fond of wine, without attending to the nourishment of his parents. The third is being fond of goods and money, and selfishly attached to his wife and children, without attending to the nourishment of his parents. The fourth is following the desires of one's ears and eyes, so as to bring his parents to disgrace. The fifth is being fond of bravery, fighting and quarrelling so as to endanger his parents. Is Zhang guilty of any one of these things? Now between Zhang and his father there arose disagreement, he, the son, reproving his father, to urge him to what was good. To urge one another to what is good by reproofs is the way of friends. But such urging between father and son is the greatest injury to the kindness, which should prevail between them. Moreover, did not Zhang wish to have in his family the relationships of husband and wife, child and mother? But because he had offended his father, and was not permitted to approach him, he sent away his wife, and drove forth his son, and all his life receives no cherishing attention from them. He settled it in his mind that if he did not act in this way, his would be one of the greatest of crimes. Such and nothing more is the case of Zhang.'
【原文】
公都子曰：“匡章，通国皆称不孝焉；夫子与之游，又从而礼貌之：敢问何也？”
孟子曰：“世俗所谓不孝者五：惰其四支①，不顾父母之养，一不孝也；博养好饮酒，不顾父母之养，二不孝也；好货财，私妻子，不顾父母之养，三不孝也；从②耳目之欲，以为父母戮③，四不孝也；好勇斗很④，以危父母，五不孝也。
【注释】
①四支：即四肢。
②从：同“纵”。
③戮：羞辱。
④很：同“狠”
【译文】
公都子说：“匡章这个人，是全齐国人都说的不孝之人。先生却跟他交游，又很礼貌待他，冒昧地问这是为什么？”
孟子说：“通常认为不孝的情况有五种：四肢懒惰，不管赡养父母，这是第一种；酗酒聚赌，不管赡养父母，这是第二种；贪吝钱财，只顾老婆孩子，不管赡养父母，这是第三种；放纵色享受乐，使父母感到羞辱，这是第四种；逞勇好斗，连累父母，这是第五种。”
【读解】
孟子告诫人们，要全面分析看待一个人，不仅要观察人的行为，而且要分析人的心理。匡章虽然没有那五种不孝的行为，但在对待父亲“责善”的问题上，他没有选择到最佳行为方式，以至于落了个不孝的名声。所以，我们在具体行为时，不能只顾一面而忽略了另一面。尤其是在选择最佳行为方式时，如果象匡章一样，只顾一面而忽略了另一面，那就不叫最佳行为方式。
这五种不孝与“不孝有三，无后为大”的三种不孝又有所不同，加起来，不就是“不孝有八”了吗？
对于我们今天的人来说，这五种不孝的情况都仍然程度不同地存在着，但其中最为典型，最切中时弊的恐怕是第三种了：好财货，私妻子，不顾父母之养。
新闻媒介报道也罢，漫画讽刺也罢，街谈巷议也罢，这一类事情的确是见得很多了。
养下不养上。下是“小皇帝”，上是“老长工”。
这些人怎么就没有想到，自己有一天也会老啊，而“小皇帝”又会有他们自己的“小皇帝”。
自己不就成为“老长工”了吗？
如此恶性循环，岂不悲哉！
可见，提倡孝敬父母，强调赡养父母，人人有责，到今天不仅没有过时，反而还具有非常重要的现实意义。 |
