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《孟子》中英文版 第九编 《万章上》(1)

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-4-30 10:04:37 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
《孟子》中英文版
第九编 《万章上》(1)

《萬章上 - Wan Zhang I》(共九章)

万章上

  本篇以长文为主,内容几乎全是有关尧、舜、禹、汤、孔子百里奚等三代贤王和春秋贤人的事迹,具有重要的史料价值。但一般读者读来较为生涩,全篇原文共9章。
      
  
第一章  大孝终身慕父母

萬章問曰:“舜往于田,號泣于旻天,何為其號泣也?”
   Wan Zhang asked Mencius, saying, 'When Shun went into the fields, he cried out and wept towards the pitying heavens. Why did he cry out and weep?'
   
孟子曰:“怨慕也。”
  Mencius replied, 'He was dissatisfied, and full of earnest desire.'
   
萬章曰:“父母愛之,喜而不忘;父母惡之,勞而不怨。然則舜怨乎?”
  Wan Zhang said, 'When his parents love him, a son rejoices and forgets them not. When his parents hate him, though they punish him, he does not murmur. Was Shun then murmuring against his parents?'
   
曰:“長息問於公明高曰:‘舜往于田,則吾既得聞命矣;號泣于旻天,于父母,則吾不知也。’公明高曰:‘是非爾所知也。’夫公明高以孝子之心,為不若是恝,我竭力耕田,共為子職而已矣,父母之不我愛,於我何哉?帝使其子九男二女,百官牛羊倉廩備,以事舜於畎畝之中。天下之士多就之者,帝將胥天下而遷之焉。為不順於父母,如窮人無所歸。天下之士悅之,人之所欲也,而不足以解憂;好色,人之所欲,妻帝之二女,而不足以解憂;富,人之所欲,富有天下,而不足以解憂;貴,人之所欲,貴為天子,而不足以解憂。人悅之、好色、富貴,無足以解憂者,惟順於父母,可以解憂。人少,則慕父母;知好色,則慕少艾;有妻子,則慕妻子;仕則慕君,不得於君則熱中。大孝終身慕父母。五十而慕者,予於大舜見之矣。”
  Mencius answered, 'Chang Xi asked Gong Ming Gao, saying, "As to Shun's going into the fields, I have received your instructions, but I do not know about his weeping and crying out to the pitying heavens and to his parents." Gong Ming Gao answered him, "You do not understand that matter." Now, Gong Ming Gao supposed that the heart of the filial son could not be so free of sorrow. Shun would say, "I exert my strength to cultivate the fields, but I am thereby only discharging my office as a son. What can there be in me that my parents do not love me?" The Di caused his own children, nine sons and two daughters, the various officers, oxen and sheep, storehouses and granaries, all to be prepared, to serve Shun amid the channelled fields. Of the scholars of the kingdom there were multitudes who flocked to him. The sovereign designed that Shun should superintend the kingdom along with him, and then to transfer it to him entirely. But because his parents were not in accord with him, he felt like a poor man who has nowhere to turn to. To be delighted in by all the scholars of the kingdom, is what men desire, but it was not sufficient to remove the sorrow of Shun. The possession of beauty is what men desire, and Shun had for his wives the two daughters of the Di, but this was not sufficient to remove his sorrow. Riches are what men desire, and the kingdom was the rich property of Shun, but this was not sufficient to remove his sorrow. Honours are what men desire, and Shun had the dignity of being sovereign, but this was not sufficient to remove his sorrow. The reason why the being the object of men's delight, with the possession of beauty, riches, and honours were not sufficient to remove his sorrow, was that it could be removed only by his getting his parents to be in accord with him. The desire of the child is towards his father and mother. When he becomes conscious of the attractions of beauty, his desire is towards young and beautiful women. When he comes to have a wife and children, his desire is towards them. When he obtains office, his desire is towards his sovereign - if he cannot get the regard of his sovereign, he burns within. But the man of great filial piety, to the end of his life, has his desire towards his parents. In the great Shun I see the case of one whose desire at fifty year's was towards them.'

【原文】

万章问曰:“舜往于田,号泣于旻1天。何为其号泣也?”
孟子曰:“怨慕也。”
万章曰:“‘父母爱之,喜而不忘;父母恶之,劳2而不怨。’然则舜怨乎?”
曰:“长息3问於公明高4曰:‘舜往于田,则吾既得闻命矣。号泣于旻天,于父母,则吾不知也。’公明高曰:‘是非尔所之也。’夫公明高以孝子之心,为不若是恝5;我竭力耕田,共6为子职而已矣;父母之不我爱,於我何哉?帝使其子九男二女,百官牛羊仓廪备,以事舜於畎亩之中;天下之士多就之者,帝章胥7天下而迁之焉;为不顺於父母,如穷人无所归。天下之士悦之,人之所欲也。而不足以解忧;好色,人之所欲,妻帝之二女,而不足以解忧;富,人之所欲,富有天下,而不足以解忧。贵,人之所欲,贵为天子,而不足以解忧。人悦之、好色、富贵,无足以解忧者;惟顺於父母,可以解忧。人少,则慕父母,知好色,则慕少艾8,有妻子,则慕9妻子,仕则慕君,不得於君则热中10。大孝终身慕父母;五十而慕者,予於大舜见之矣。”

【注释】

1.旻:(min民)《书·尧典》:“钦若旻天。”《书·多士》:“不吊旻天。”《诗·小雅·雨无正》:“斩伐四国。旻天疾威,弗虑弗图。”《诗·小雅·小旻》:“旻天疾威,敷于下土。”《诗·大雅·召旻》:“旻天疾威,天笃降丧。”《尔雅·释天》:“秋为旻天。”本义为秋天,这里泛用为“天”之意。
2.劳:《诗·陈风·月出》:“舒窈纠兮。劳心悄兮。”《诗·邶风·燕燕》:“实劳我心。”《论语·泰伯》:“恭而无礼则劳;慎而无礼则葸。”清魏源《默觚上·学篇二》:“故君子者,佚乐而为君子也;小人者,忧劳而成小人也。”这里用为忧愁、愁苦、操心之意。
3.长息:人名,公明高的学生。
4.公明高:人名,曾子的学生。
5.恝:(jia荚)《广韵·黠韵》:“恝,无愁貌。”这里用为淡然,不经心的样子之意。
6.共:(gōng供)通“恭”。《诗·小雅·六月》:“共武之服。”《诗·小雅·巧言》:“匪其止共,维王之邛。”《诗·大雅·韩奕》:“虔共尔位。”《诗·商颂·长发》:“受小共大共,为下国骏厖。”《左传·僖公二十七年》:“公卑杞,杞不共也。”《史记·屈原贾生列传》:“共承嘉惠。”这里用为恭敬之意。
7.胥:《书·多方》:“越惟有胥伯小大多正。”《诗·小雅·桑扈》:“君子乐胥,受天之祜。”《诗·大雅·桑柔》:“其何能淑,载胥及溺。”《管子·大匡》:“将胥有所定也。”《孟子·梁惠王下》:“爰及姜女,聿来胥宇。”《荀子·大略》:“故《春秋》善胥命,而《诗》非屡盟。”《史记·廉颇蔺相如传》:“胥后令。”这里用为观察、考察之意。
8.少艾:《国语·晋语》:“国君好艾,大夫殆。”这里用为漂亮的人之意。
9. 慕:爱慕,依恋。
10.热中:内心焦躁。

【译文】

万章问:“大舜到田野里,望着天空哭诉,是什么事让他呼告哭泣呢?”
孟子说:“这是因为他又怨恨又思念。”
万章说:“常听说‘得父母宠爱,高兴而难忘;被父母厌恶,忧愁而不怨恨。’那么,大舜怨恨父母吗?”
孟子说:“长息曾经问公明高:‘大舜到田野里,我已经听你讲解过了;望着天哭诉,是为了父母,那我就不懂了。’公明高说:‘这就不是你能理解的了。’这是公明高以孝子的心态,认为不应该若无其事,淡然处之:我尽力地耕田,恭敬地完成做儿子的职责而已,至于父母不宠爱我,我有什么办法呢?帝尧派他的九个儿子两个女儿,还有百官带着牛羊、粮食,到农田里去侍奉大舜,天下的许多读书人都去归附他,帝尧考察天下而把天下迁让给舜。因为不被父母喜欢,舜就如同穷人找不到归宿一样。被天下的读书人所喜欢,是每个人的欲望,而不能解开舜的忧愁;喜欢美貌的女子,也是每个人的欲望,娶了帝尧的两个女儿,而还是不能解开舜的忧愁;富裕,也是每个人的欲望,拥有了整个天下,也还是不能解开舜的忧愁;尊贵,也是每个人的欲望,身为天子那样的尊贵,也还不能解开舜的忧愁。被人喜爱、喜好美色、富裕且尊贵,没有一样能解除舜的忧愁,惟有让父母顺心才能解忧。人在年幼的时候,爱慕父母;懂得喜欢女子的时候,就爱慕年轻漂亮的姑娘。有了妻子以后,便爱慕妻子;做了官便爱慕君王,得不到君王的赏识便内心焦急得发热。不过,最孝顺的人却是终身都爱慕父母。到了五十岁还爱慕父母的,我在伟大的舜身上见到了。”

【解说】

本篇仍是对最佳行为方式的讨论,正因为大舜时时刻刻采用最佳行为方式,帝尧考察了天下才采用最佳行为方式将帝位禅让给舜。然而,被天下的读书人所喜欢,是每个人的欲望,而不能解开舜的忧愁;喜欢美貌的女子,也是每个人的欲望,娶了帝尧的两个女儿,而还是不能解开舜的忧愁;富裕,也是每个人的欲望,拥有了整个天下,也还是不能解开舜的忧愁;尊贵,也是每个人的欲望,身为天子那样的尊贵,也还不能解开舜的忧愁。这是因为舜并不将“人悦之、好色、富贵”等放在人生的第一位,舜认为处理不好与父母的关系,才是最重要的。因为,惟有让父母顺心才能解开忧愁,这就是人生行为方式的选择问题。
人在少年时,仰慕父母;知道爱好美色了,则思念年轻漂亮的了;有了妻子,就会思念家室;入仕作官就会思念君主,得不到君主赏识就会内心焦躁。这些都是人生的各种欲望,但如果只是孜孜不倦地追求这些,而忘了父母的养育之恩,也就是背离了人生正确的道路。所以本篇就围绕着“孝”这个行为方式来进行探讨。
终身都爱慕父母的有两种情况:
一种是终身都只爱慕父母,其他如年轻漂亮的姑娘、妻子、君王等统统不爱。
另一种是既终身爱慕你母,又不妨害爱姑娘,爱妻子,爱君王等。若以弗洛依德博士的观点来看,第二种是正常的情感心态,第一种则出于“恋父”、“恋母”情结了。
孟子这段话是通过对大舜作心理分析后引出的。大舜由于没有得到父母的喜爱,所以,即使获得了绝色美女和妻子,甚至自己已做了君王,达到了权力和财富的顶峰以后,也仍然郁郁寡欢,思蓦父母之爱。
所以,如果我们要做到“大孝”,那就应该既“终身慕父母”,又爱少艾和妻子,这才是健康正常的心态。
“孝”字,本意是继承先辈之志的意思,《书·太甲中》:“奉先思孝;接下思恭。”《书·文侯之命》:“追孝于前文人。”《诗·小雅·天保》:“吉蠲为饎,是用孝享。”《诗·大雅·下武》:“永言孝思,孝思维则。”《诗·大雅·文王有声》:“匪棘其欲,遹追来孝。”《诗·大雅·卷阿》:“有冯有翼,有孝有德,以引以翼。”《诗·周颂·载见》:“率见昭考,以孝以享。”《论语·学而》:“弟子,入则孝,出则弟,谨而信,凡爱众,而亲仁。”《礼记·大学》:“孝者,所以事君也。”《礼记·中庸》:“夫孝者,善继人之志,善述人之事者也。”《孟子·梁惠王上》:“谨庠序之教,申之以孝悌之义。”在殷商甲骨文中已有“孝”字。西周时,周公告诫其弟康叔说:“元凶大憝,矧惟不孝不友”(《尚书·康诰》),“友”即悌的意思。《诗经》里也有不少有关孝、悌方面的内容。但自从春秋战国以后,“孝”字逐渐就演变成为一般民众形容“孝顺父母”之意了。当然,“孝”本身也包含有“孝顺父母”的意思,所以孟子在此特别提出“孝顺父母”之意。
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