历史上的今天-蒙娜丽莎重现佛罗伦萨 Mona Lisa recovered in Florence
1913 - Mona Lisa recovered in Florence, two years after it was stolen
1913年的今天，蒙娜丽莎被盗两年后在佛罗伦萨被重新发现。
历史上的今天-袁世凯称帝 China Yuan Shikai declares himself the Emperor
1915 - President of the Republic of China Yuan Shikai declares himself the Emperor of the Chinese Empire, restoring monarchy.
1915年的今天，中华民国的总统袁世凯宣布自己为中华帝国的帝王，恢复帝制。
历史上的今天-西安事变 Xi'an Incident
1936 -On December 12, Zhang and Yang launched the Xi'an Incident by military action and detained Chiang in Huaqingchi and put more than 10 people including Chen Cheng into prison.
1936年的今天，张学良、杨虎城发动了西安事变，在华清池武装扣留了蒋介石，囚禁陈诚等十余人
The Xi'an Incident is also called the “Double-Twelfth Incident”.In 1936, the Japanese imperialists continuously expanded the invasion to China, but Chiang Kai-shek adhered to the nonresistance policy and continued the civil war. The North East army led by Zhang Xueliang and the 17th Route Army led by Yang Hucheng was deployed to Shaanxi-Gansu district to attack the Red Army. Because of the influence of CPC's anti-Japanese national united front policy and people's anti-Japanese movements, Zhang and Yang came to a truce with the Red Army and demanded Chiang Kai-shek to untied with CPC to resist Japan. Chiang not only rejected demands of Zhang and Yang, but also mustered troops under his direct control on the border between Henan and Shaanxi to press Zhang and Yang to continue attacking the Red Army. On December 4, Chiang Kai-shek flied to Xi'an to supervise the battle. On December 7, Zhang Xueliang arrived at Huaqingchi, Lingtong and “try hard to expostulate” with Chiang about “Stopping the civil war and unanimously resisting Japan”, but the advice was rejected. Chiang resolutely rejected to change the policy of “Suppressing CPC”. On December 9, Zhang told the processional students, he would give reply to their patriotic demands. On December 12, Zhang and Yang launched the Xi'an Incident by military action and detained Chiang in Huaqingchi and put more than 10 people including Chen Cheng into prison. They proclaimed to cancel the “Northwest Bandit Suppression General Headquarter” and establish the Temporary Military Committee of Northwest Allied Force. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng respectively served as Chairman and vice Chairman. They published a circular to the whole China, proposing to reorganize the Nanjing Govenment, stop the civil war, jointly resist Japan and practise the democratic politics. On December 16, the Nanjing Government ordered to crusade against Zhang and Yang again and appointed He Yingqin as the commander-in-chief. Pro-Japanese Wang Jingwei and He Yingqin attempted to seize the opportunity to make the situation serious in order to take over ruling power from Chiang Kai-shek and further make compromise with Japan. The CPC central committee proceeded from the benefits of Chinese people, sent representatives including Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying to Xi'an to mediate at the invitation of Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng by telegram. After reaching Xi'an on December 16, Zhou Enlai negotiated with all related parties. They worked out an idea that Chiang would be released if he promised to resist Japan. On December 15 and 19, they sent message to the Nanjing Kuomintang Government to urge them to accept Zhang's and Yang's opinion of peaceful settlement. On December 22, Soong May-ling, Sung Tsu-wen and William Henry Donald from Australia who was Chiang Kai-shek's adviser flied to Xi'an for negotiation. After hard work of Zhou Enlai and struggles of the whole Chinese people, on December 24, Chiang Kai-shek was forced to accept such preconditions as the truce and peace negotiation, unity with CPC and resistance against Japan and release of political prisoners. Chiang was released on December 25 and Zhang Xueliang accompanied him to Nanjing. By then, the Xi'an Incident was settled peacefully. After returning to Nanjing, Chiang Kai-shek immediately imprisoned Zhang Xueliang. The Xi'an Incident launched by General Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng and the peaceful settlement of the incident under the help of CPC played significant historic role for promoting the re-cooperation between KMT and CPC, unity and resistance against Japan.
西安事变，也叫“双十二事变”。１９３６年，日本帝国主义不断扩大对中国的侵略，蒋介石坚持不抵抗政策，继续进行内战。以张学良为首的东北军和以杨虎城为首的十七路军被蒋调到陕甘一带进攻中国工农红军。因受中国共产党抗日民族统一战线政策及人民抗日运动的影响，张、杨与红军实现了停战，并要求蒋介石联共抗日。蒋不仅拒绝了张、杨的要求，而且调集嫡系部队至豫陕边境，压迫张、杨继续进攻红军。１２月４日，蒋介石飞往西安督战。７日，张学良到临潼华清池向蒋“苦谏”，请求“停止内战，一致抗日”，遭蒋拒绝，蒋坚持不改“剿共”政策。９日，张向游行示威的学生表示，一周内用事实答复他们的爱国要求。１２日，张学良、杨虎城发动了西安事变，在华清池武装扣留了蒋介石，囚禁陈诚等十余人；宣布取消“西北剿匪总部”，成立抗日联军西北临时军事委员会，张学良、杨虎城任正副委员长，并通电全国，提出改组南京政府，停止内战，共同抗日，实行民主政治。１６日，南京政府下令讨伐张、杨，并任何应钦为总司令。亲日派汪精卫、何应钦企图借机扩大事态，夺取蒋介石的统治权力，进一步和日本妥协。中共中央从民族利益出发，应张学良、杨虎城电请，派代表周恩来、叶剑英等到西安调停。周恩来等于１６日到达西安以后，做各方面的工作，提出：只要蒋答应抗日就释放他。并于１５、１９日通电南京国民党政府，促其接受张、杨主张，和平解决。２２日，宋美龄、宋子文与蒋介石顾问澳大利亚人端纳飞往西安谈判。经周恩来等的努力和全国人民的斗争，２４日，蒋介石被迫接受停战议和、联共抗日、释放政治犯等条件。２５日蒋介石获释，由张学良陪返南京，“西安事变”到此和平解决。蒋介石飞回南京后，立即把张学良拘禁起来。张学良、杨虎城两将军发动的西安事变以及中国共产党促成的这次事变的和平解决，对推动国共再次合作、团结抗日，起了重大的历史作用。
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大耳朵编辑：卡卡大人
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