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人体自燃

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-4-25 10:20:06 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
翻译前记: 
今天看新闻,偶然间看到一个关于 "人体自燃" 现象的故事.虽然以前小学的时候买过一本书叫<<世界未解之谜>>,书中有提到这个现象, 可是现在重新再看真实的故事,还是感到有点不可思议,于是我查了百度百科,终于了解到背后的原理.
翻译这篇文章的确花了我不少功夫,不过也感觉学到了不少东西,特别是一些专业术语的表达.随着我的 "译龄"(这是个翻译界的术语)越来越长, 我越来越感受到翻译带来的好处. 提高英语各方面的能力,如词汇量,句式的表达以及用词准确性的把握等等, 自然就不必说了.我感受最深的是知识面得到了很大的拓展,这个知识面不仅仅是我专业上的,也包括一些别的领域的.
很多没有真正投入过翻译的人以为,翻译仅仅是把一门语言 "对字入座"地翻译为另一门语言,是英语专业的人的拿手好戏.我还记得前几天帮一个朋友翻译一门课程名称时的情景.当时她问我怎么译"employee resourcing” 比较好.我就问她,这门课的内容是关于什么的.后面我还要去查一下相关的东西,才帮她译出来:雇员资源配置.她在QQ上问我:"你也要查啊?"我想,其实不止她会这样问我,别人也会问.当别人问我某个词怎么译时,特别是这个词如果不是我所学领域的,我都要再三问他们关于这个词的背景与意义.然后他们就会不解地问我:"你不是学过翻译吗?为什么还要查呢?"其实很多人对翻译的认识都是不正确的,或者说是不完全的.其实不要说像我这样资历较浅的译员,就算是国家级的资深翻译家,在翻译一些高级的文献或者相关文章时,基本上都是手不离词典的.世界上没有任何一个翻译家可以做到完全不用查而译完所有交付到他手上的东西.为什么要查呢?最常见的一个原因就是不知道某个词的专业表达是什么.但是也有很多时候,有些词并没有固定的专业表述,需要译者去根据它的实质来翻译,好比刚才我所说的 "employee resourcing”,在中国的院校里就没有关于这门课的固定翻译.因此,译者需要通过查阅这些词的内涵来判断究竟怎么译才可以既保持词语的原义,又可以实现预期的美感.这就是翻译中译员必须要达到的境界:信,达,雅.
这三个字看似简单,可是在实务操作中却是非常考验一个译员的语言功底和逻辑判断力的.我刚才所说的只是从 "词"的角度来剖析翻译中的 "信,达,雅",而在一篇文章的翻译中,译员还要兼顾句子的 "信,达,雅",段落的 "信,达,雅",甚至全篇的 "信,达,雅".既要做到每个词每句话的翻译准确紧凑,又要让段落之间紧密衔接,这就要求译员既要着眼细处,又要宏观全局.此外,译员的双语功底是优秀翻译的保证.优秀的译员必须精通中文和英语表达之间的区别和细微的变化,遣词用句要恰到好处,尽量言简而意丰.因此,如果你的英语很好,而你的中文却差强人意,甚至"不敢见人",那么你也不可能成为一名好翻译.一般高校要求翻译专业的学生在学习英语的同时也要加强中文的学习,就是这个道理.所以,如果你有认识在翻译公司工作的人,你会觉得他们和一般人有点不同.这个 "不同"不是说他们特别优秀或者有能力,而是你会感觉到这些人有一种 "文气",特别是那些专门翻译文学著作的人,看起来会让人有一种深情而且清新之感,因为这些人长期沉醉于中英的文学作品之中,受到这些作品的熏陶,已经形成了一种无形的气质.拿温家宝的随身翻译张璐来讲,我想基本上每个喜欢翻译人都认识她了.张璐学贯中西,翻译温总理即兴讲出的古文佳句时从容不迫,地道准确,堪称口译界的楷模.深厚的中英文学修养赋予她独特的气质,让她有 "美女翻译"之称.这个"美女",我觉得除了赞美她的外表,更重要的是赞美她那过人的气质与才华.当然,这可能是我的个人看法,同一个人在不同人的眼里感觉也可能不同,在这里我也不想深究.
在翻译过程中,译员不懂就一定要查.所以你的"译龄"越久,你查的也就越多,那么你的知识面也就越来越广.所以一个资深的译员不仅中英文水平了得,更得要的是他的知识面会很广,甚至可以说是一部"百科全书".这也是很多从事翻译事业的人的终生梦想.
这几年的翻译学习与实践让我感触很深.它让我进一步沉淀我的语言功底,也让我学会了独立地判断在表达某种意思时该选用哪个词,哪句话.而更重要的是,它让我不知不觉中体验到了语言的特质与美感.这种美感就好比喝一杯年代久远的红酒,越品越香,越品越甜.这也是为什么我可以一直乐此不疲的原因.翻译让我找到了专业学习以外的乐趣,这种乐趣不同于一般的娱乐,这是一种精神层面上的欢愉与陶冶.特别是在翻译一些美文或者诗歌时,我会突然禁不住感慨:生活真的很美好.渐渐地,我发现,翻译带给我的,远不止是语言能力的提高和知识面的拓展,它更带给我生活的乐趣与希望.
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人体自燃
原文:选自百度百科
译者:爱尔兰都柏林大学 赖小琪
“烛芯效应”也叫“灯苡效应”或“蜡烛效应”。在解释关于人体自燃现象方面,是目前学术界较为公认的一种解释。这个解释在大约100年前就已被提出,现在得到了越来越多的证据的支持。烛芯效应 顾名思义就是像蜡烛燃烧时需要烛芯才能燃烧一样。蜡烛被点燃时,由于烛芯的存在,产生导流作用,被融化的液体顺着烛芯流向温度高的方向,而烛芯的顶端靠近火焰,温度最高,使液体进而气化燃烧,燃烧发出的热量又促使液体继续向上输送气化燃烧,形成循环。很多材料里面所加入的玻纤同样具有相似作用,虽然材料本身不易燃烧,由于受到玻纤的影响,使局部高温,产生燃点,继而形成大面积燃烧,有效预防此类燃烧的方法就是将玻纤进行处理,使其作用效果降低,或者添加硅灰石针状粉可以有效降低灯芯效应。
Wick Effect, also known as Light-yi Effect or Candle Effect, is a relatively authoritative theory in academia in explaining human spontaneous combustion. It was advanced about 100 years ago and has been garnering more and more supportive evidence. Wick Effect, as suggested by itself, means the candle can only be burned with a wick. When the candle is lit, the wick produces a diversion effect that causes the melted liquid to flow along the wick in the direction of higher temperature. The top of the wick is in the center of the flame, so its temperature is the highest, which will gasify the liquid arriving there and further the combustion. Then the heat generated by the combustion will push more liquid to go up to the top of the wick, making it a burning cycle. The fiberglass added to many materials has similar mechanism. Though the material itself does not burn easily, the existence of the fiberglass acts as a wick and produces high temperature that reaches the kindling point and triggers large-area combustion. The most effective way to prevent such combustion is to properly deal with the fiberglass to mitigate its effect, or add some wollastonite powder to reduce the Wick Effect.
根据这个理论,酒醉或昏睡中的人穿的衣服被火点燃,皮肤被烧脱落,皮下脂肪融化、流出,衣服被液化脂肪浸湿后成了“灯芯”,而体内的脂肪就像是“蜡”,源源不断地提供燃烧的燃料,于是尸体就像蜡烛一样慢慢地燃烧,直到所有的脂肪组织都被烧完。
According to this theory, when the clothes worn by people drunk or sleeping catch fire, their skin would be burned off, which causes the subcutaneous fat to melt and flow out. The clothes soaked by the liquid fat would then become a “wick” while the fat in one’s body becomes “wax” that offers continuous fuel to the burning. Then, the whole body will burn up gradually like a candle until all the fat is burned out.
这个理论可以解释上面所归纳的“人体自燃” 现象。妇女和身材肥胖的人体内脂肪含量高,因此容易成为“人体自燃”的牺牲品。多余的脂肪通常储存于躯干和大腿,因此这些部分的烧毁程度最严重。没有衣服覆盖的身体部分不会被烧毁,因为融化的脂肪需要有衣服做“灯芯”才能充分地燃烧,但是液化脂肪流到这部分的身体后,会将那里的皮肤烫伤,而死者残存的身体部分的皮肤的确有烫伤的症状。脂肪燃烧时会产生浓烟,这可以解释为什么死者房间的天花板和墙壁会被熏黑。有些融化的脂肪会流出体内,流到地板上,由于没有衣服做灯芯,它们不会燃烧,而残留下来,这就是为什么在死者身下的地板总能发现黄色的粘稠物质。 
This theory can be used to explain the phenomenon of “human spontaneous combustion”. Generally speaking, women or fat people tend to have a high fat level in their bodies, thus being vulnerable to human spontaneous combustion. The excess fat is normally stored in the trunk or thighs, so they usually get burned most severely. Those parts of the body without being covered by clothes will not burn because the melted fat needs clothes as a “wick” to combust. However, the melted fat flowing on these parts of the body will scald the skin there. There were indeed some symptoms of scalded skin in part of the deceased who died of spontaneous combustion. The burning fat will produce heavy smoke. That is why the ceiling and walls of the room of the dead were blackened. Some of the melted fat will flow out of the body to the floor and will not burn but remain there because no clothes act as a wick in it. That is why the floor underlying the dead would have yellow viscous stuff.
,
1998年4月,加州犯罪学学院的约翰•德•哈安(John De Hann)博士做了一个实验首次验证“灯芯效应”。他从屠宰场买了一头死猪(猪的脂肪含量与人体相当)裹上毛毯,放进一个模拟房间中,房间里有一个木架,上面放着一台电视机。他往毛毯上浇上少量的汽油后将之点燃。猪油流出后浸泡毛毯,使之成了灯芯,火焰便以猪油为燃料持续燃烧了7个小时。大约5小时后,猪骨头被烧裂,流出了骨髓,骨髓大约含有80%的脂肪,因此继续燃烧,直到把骨头烧成了灰烬,甚至比火葬炉烧得还要彻底(火葬炉焚烧后,还会残留一些骨头)。而猪身体没有脂肪的部分,像脚的下部,则保存完整。周围的家具都没有着火,只有电视机受热融化了。这一结果与所谓的“人体自燃”完全相同。星火可以燎身,一点小火的确可以把人烧得粉身碎骨,并无神秘之处。
In April, 1998, John De Hann from California Institute of Criminology conducted an experiment to prove the Wick Effect for the first time. He bought a dead pig from he slaughterhouse (the fat level of a pig is equivalent to that of a human body) and wrapped it in a blanket. Then he put the wrapped pig in a simulation room where there was a wooden frame on which there was a TV set. Then he poured a little bit of gasoline on the blanket and lit it up. The blanket, soaked by the pig’s melted fat, became a wick. The fire lasted for 7 hours with the pig fat continuing fueling. About 5 hours later, the pig bones were burned cracked and the bone marrow flew out. 80% of the bone marrow was fat, so it continued burning until the bones were burned into ashes, even more thoroughly than in cremation furnace (the body burned in cremation furnace would still have some bones left.). But those parts of the pig without fat, like the lower part of the feet, remained intact. The furniture inside the room also remained intact and only the TV set was melted down by the heat. This finding is consistent with “human spontaneous combustion”. A little spark can burn our body into nothing left. It is everything but mysterious.
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