Learning Theory
In most psychological theories,learning is defined as "a persisting
change in human performance potential",however,the major concepts
and principles of learning vary with learning theories.
大多数心理学理论将学习定义为"人类能力或潜能的持续改变",然而,不同的学习理论对学习的主要概念和原理有不同的看法。
1、Behaviorism
What is Behaviorism?
Behavioral psychology,also known as behaviorism,is a theory of
learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with
the environment. According to behaviorism,behavior can be studied
in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of
internal mental states(John Watson,1930).
什么是行为主义？
行为心理学，也被称为行为主义，是一种学习理论，该理论基于这种观点：所有的行为都是通过外部条件获得的。条件通过与环境的交互而产生。依据行为主义学习理论，可以用一种系统的、可观测的方式来研究行为，而不用考虑内部心理状态。
The Rise of Behaviorism
Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th-century as
another school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance.
Behaviorism had its earliest start with the work of a Russian
physiologist named Ivan Pavlov.An American psychologist named John
B. Watson soon became one of the strongest advocates of
behaviorism.The impact of behaviorism was enormous,and this school
of thought continued to dominate for the next 50 year.Psychologist
B.F. Skinner furthered the behaviorist perspective with his concept
of operant conditioning, which demonstrated the effect of
punishment and reinforcement on behavior.
Behaviorism psychologist have Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, Waston,
Skinner...
行为主义学习理论的兴起
在20世纪初，心理学发生了重大改变，行为主义心里学派思想开始占据支配地位。行为主义最早开始于俄国心里学家巴普洛夫的工作。美国心里学家John
B. Watson
不久变成了行为主义最有力的提倡者。行为主义的影响是巨大的，并且行为主义学派思想继续在接下的50年占据支配地位。心理学家斯金纳对行为主义观点操作性条件这一概念进行了进一步研究，其验证了惩罚和强化行为效果。
桑代克，巴普洛夫，Waston，斯金纳
2、Cognitivism
What is Cognitivism?
"Cognitive theorists recognize that much learning involves
associations established through contiguity and repetition.They
also acknowledge the importance of reinforcement, although they
stress its role in providing feedback about the correctness of
responses over its role as a motivator.However,even while acceptng
such behavioristic concepts, cogntive theorists view learning as
involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive
structures through which humans process and store
information."(Good & Brophy,1990,p.187).
There are mangy Cognitive psychologist,Such as Gagne, Bruner,
Bloom, Ausubel...
什么是认知主义？
"认知理论认为，许多学习与不断地接触和重复有关。他们也承认强化的重要性，尽管他们强调它在提供反馈信息的正确性反应中的角色胜过作为动力所扮演的角色。然而,即使接收这种行为概念,但认知理论家观点的学习涉及通过人类处理和存储信息去获得或重组认知结构。"(Good
& Brophy,1990,p.187).
加涅，布鲁纳，布鲁姆，奥苏贝尔
3、Constructivism
What is Constructivism?
Constructivism is a type of learning theroy that explains human
learning as an active attempt to construct meaning in the world
around us. Constructivists believe that learning is more active and
self-directed than either behaviorism or cognitive theory would
postulate. Constructivism divides learning into two
types:accommodation and assimilation. The focus is on the
individual's desire and ability to learn,and the teacher or
therapist is merely there to help guide self-directed
learning.
什么是建构主义？
建构主义是一种学习理论类型，它把人类学习解释为一种积极主动的尝试去建构意义。建构主义学家相信，学习比行为主义或认知理论建设中的任何一种更积极自主。建构主义把学习分成两种类型：。。。和同化。其关注点是个人去学习的渴望和能力，并且老师和治疗师仅是去帮助引导自主的学习。
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