Behaviorism
Behaviorism, also known as behavioral
psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all
behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs
through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that
our responses to environmental stimuli shapes our
behaviors.According to behaviorism, behavior can
be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no
consideration of internal mental states.
行为主义，也被称为行为主义心理学，这种学习理论认为，所有行为的获得都是通过反射。反射是通过与环境的相互作用产生的。行为学家认为，我们对环境中的刺激的反应形成了行为。依据行为主义的理论，我们可以通过系统观察的方式研究行为，而不必考虑其内部状态。
Cognitivism
Cognitive theorists recognize that much
learning involves associations established through contiguity and
repetition. They also acknowledge the importance of reinforcement,
although they stress its role in providing feedback about
correctness of responses over its role as a motivator. However,
even while accepting such behavioristic concepts, cognitive
theorists view learning as involving the
acquisition or reorganization of
the cognitive structures through which humans process and store
information.
认知主义理论认识到，学习包括通过连续性和重复性建立起来的联系。他们同时认识到强化的重要性，尽管他们强调强化在提供正确性反馈信息方面的作用要大于它作为动机的作用。但是，尽管接受行为主义学家的概念，认知理论仍然把学习看成是包括认知结构获得和重组的过程，这也是人类处理和存储信息的方式。
Constructivism
Constructivism is a type of learning theory that explains
human learning as an active attempt to construct meaning in the
world around us. Constructivists believe that learning is more
active and self-directed than either behaviorism or cognitive
theory would postulate.Constructivism divides learning into two
types: accommodation and assimilation. The focus is on the
individual’s desire and ability to learn, and the teacher or
therapist is merely there to help guide self-directed
learning.
建构主义是一种把人类学习解释为在我们周围世界通过积极尝试来构建意义的学习理论。建构主义学家相信，学习是比行为主义和认知主义理论假定的学习更加积极和自主的。建构主义把学习分为两中类型：顺应和同化。关键在个人需求和学习能力上，教师或者治疗专家仅仅帮助自主的学习。
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