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《孟子》中英文版 第一编 《梁惠王上》(3)

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-5-2 10:37:41 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
《孟子》中英文版
第一编 《梁惠王上》(3)
第三章 治国需合于道
梁惠王曰:“寡人之於國也,盡心焉耳矣。河內凶,則移其民於河東,移其粟於河內。河東凶亦然。察鄰國之政,無如寡人之用心者。鄰國之民不加少,寡人之民不加多,何也?”
King Hui of Liang said, 'Small as my virtue is, in the government of my kingdom, I do indeed exert my mind to the utmost. If the year be bad on the inside of the river, I remove as many of the people as I can to the east of the river, and convey grain to the country in the inside. When the year is bad on the east of the river, I act on the same plan. On examining the government of the neighboring kingdoms, I do not find that there is any prince who exerts his mind as I do. And yet the people of the neighboring kingdoms do not decrease, nor do my people increase. How is this?'
孟子對曰:“王好戰,請以戰喻。填然鼓之,兵刃既接,棄甲曳兵而走。或百步而後止,或五十步而後止。以五十步笑百步,則何如?”
Mencius replied, 'Your majesty is fond of war - let me take an illustration from war. The soldiers move forward to the sound of the drums; and after their weapons have been crossed, on one side they throw away their coats of mail, trail their arms behind them, and run. Some run a hundred paces and stop; some run fifty paces and stop. What would you think if those who run fifty paces were to laugh at those who run a hundred paces?'
曰:“不可,直不百步耳,是亦走也。”
The king said, 'They should not do so. Though they did not run a hundred paces, yet they also ran away.'
曰:“王如知此,則無望民之多於鄰國也。不違農時,穀不可勝食也;數罟不入洿池,魚鱉不可勝食也;斧斤以時入山林,材木不可勝用也。穀與魚鱉不可勝食,材木不可勝用,是使民養生喪死無憾也。養生喪死無憾,王道之始也。五畝之宅,樹之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣;雞豚狗彘之畜,無失其時,七十者可以食肉矣;百畝之田,勿奪其時,數口之家可以無飢矣;謹庠序之教,申之以孝悌之養,頒白者不負戴於道路矣。七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不飢不寒,然而不王者,未之有也。
'Since your Majesty knows this,' replied Mencius, 'you need not hope that your people will become more numerous than those of the neighboring kingdoms. If the seasons of husbandry be not interfered with, the grain will be more than can be eaten. If close nets are not allowed to enter the pools and ponds, the fishes and turtles will be more than can be consumed. If the axes and bills enter the hills and forests only at the proper time, the wood will be more than can be used. When the grain and fish and turtles are more than can be eaten, and there is more wood than can be used, this enables the people to nourish their living and mourn for their dead, without any feeling against any. This condition, in which the people nourish their living and bury their dead without any feeling against any, is the first step of royal government. Let mulberry trees be planted about the homesteads with their five mâu, and persons of fifty years may be clothed with silk. In keeping fowls, pigs, dogs, and swine, let not their times of breeding be neglected, and persons of seventy years may eat flesh. Let there not be taken away the time that is proper for the cultivation of the farm with its hundred mâ, and the family of several mouths that is supported by it shall not suffer from hunger. Let careful attention be paid to education in schools, inculcating in it especially the filial and fraternal duties, and grey-haired men will not be seen upon the roads, carrying burdens on their backs or on their heads. It never has been that the ruler of a State, where such results were seen - persons of seventy wearing silk and eating flesh, and the black-haired people suffering neither from hunder nor cold - did not attain to the royal dignity.'
狗彘食人食而不知檢,塗有餓莩而不知發;人死,則曰:‘非我也,歲也。’是何異於刺人而殺之,曰:‘非我也,兵也。’王無罪歲,斯天下之民至焉。”
Your dogs and swine eat the food of men, and you do not make any restrictive arrangements. There are people dying from famine on the roads, and you do not issue the stores of your granaries for them. When people die, you say, "It is not owing to me; it is owing to the year." In what does this differ from stabbing a man and killing him, and then saying - "It was not I; it was the weapon?" Let your Majesty cease to lay the blame on the year, and instantly from all the nation the people will come to you.'  
【原文】
    梁惠王曰:“寡人之於国也,尽心焉耳矣!河内1凶,则移其民於河东,移其粟於河内;河东凶亦然。察邻国之政,无如寡人之用心者;邻国之民不加少,寡人之民不加多:何也?”
    孟子对曰:“王好战,请以战喻。填然鼓之,兵刃既接,弃甲曳兵而走,或百步而后止,或五十步而后止;以五十步笑百步,则何如?”
    曰:“不可。直不百步耳,是亦走也!”
    曰:“王如知此,则无望民之多於邻国也。不违农时,谷不可胜食也;数罟2不入洿3池,鱼鳖不可胜食也;斧斤以时入山林,材木不可胜用也;谷与鱼鳖不可胜食,材木不可胜用,是使民养生丧死无憾也;养生丧死无憾,王道之始也。”
    “五亩之宅,树之以桑,五十者可以衣帛以;鸡豚4狗彘5之畜,无失其时,七十者可以食肉矣;百亩之田,勿夺其时,数口之家可以无饥矣;谨庠6序之教,申之以孝7悌之义,颁8白者不负戴於道路矣;七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不饥不寒;然而不王者,未之有也!”
    “狗彘食人食而不知检,涂有饿莩9而不知发;人死,则曰:‘非我也,岁也。’是何异於刺人而杀之,曰:‘非我也,兵也!’王无罪岁,斯天下之民至焉。”
【注释】
1.河内:这里所指的河内,是指黄河北岸,今河南济源县一带,魏国的河东,是指今山西安邑县一带。
2.罟:(gu古)《诗•小雅•小明》:“畏此罪罟。”《诗•大雅•瞻卬》:“罪罟不收,靡有夷瘳。”《诗•大雅•召旻》:“天降罪罟,蟊贼内讧。”《国语•鲁语上》:“里革断其罟而弃之。”《礼记•中庸》:“人皆曰予知,驱而纳诸罟攫陷阱之中,而莫之知辟也。”《荀子•王制》:“鼋鼍鱼鳖鳅鳝孕别之时,罔罟毒药不入泽。”《说文》:“罟,网也。”这里用为网的总称之意。又可引申为法网之意。
3.洿:(wu污)《左传•文公六年》:“治旧洿。”《说文》:“洿,浊水不流也。”王充《论衡》:“三代(夏商周)隘辟,厥(其)深洿沮也。”这里用为池塘之意。
4.豚:(tun屯)《论语•阳货》:“阳货欲见孔子,孔子不见,归孔子豚。”《礼记•曲礼》:“豚曰腯肥。”《韩非子•外储说左下》:“郑县人卖豚,人问其价。”《说文》:“豚,小豕也。”《方言八》:“猪其子谓之豚。”这里用为小猪之意。
5.彘:(zhi至)《礼记•月令》:“食黍与彘。”《荀子•荣辱》:“乳彘触虎,乳狗不远游,不忘其亲也。”《韩非子•外储说左上》:“故明主表信,如曾子杀彘也。”《史记•项羽本纪》:“赐之彘肩。”《小尔雅》:“彘,猪也。”《说文》:“彘,豕也。后蹏废谓之彘。”《西山经》:“竹山有兽焉,名曰毫彘。”彘本指大猪,后泛指一般的猪。
6.庠:(xiang详)《尔雅•释官》:“庠序,官也。”《礼记•乡饮酒义》:“主人拜迎宾于庠门之外。”《礼记•学记》:“古之教者,家有塾,党有庠,术有序,国有学。”《说文》:“痒,礼官养老,夏曰校,殷曰庠,周曰序。”这里用指为学校之意。
7.孝:《书•太甲中》:“奉先思孝;接下思恭。”《诗•小雅•天保》:“吉蠲为饎,是用孝享。”《诗•大雅•下武》:“永言孝思,孝思维则。”《诗•周颂•载见》:“率见昭考,以孝以享。”《论语•学而》:“弟子,入则孝,出则弟,谨而信,凡爱众,而亲仁。”《礼记•大学》:“孝者,所以事君也。”《礼记•中庸》:“夫孝者,善继人之志,善述人之事者也。”这里用为能继先人之志之意。
8.颁:《诗•小雅•鱼藻》:“鱼在在藻,有颁其首。”《说文》:“颁,一曰鬓也。”古颁通“斑”,这里用为白头之意。
9.莩:(piao瞟)同“殍”。《广韵•小韵》:“莩,殍同。”这里用指为饿死的人之意。
【译文】
    梁惠王说:“我对于国家大事,是很尽心力的了。河内遭遇灾荒,我就把百姓迁移到河东,而且将河东的粮食调拨一部分到河内。如果河东遭遇灾荒亦同样处理。据我观察邻国的政务,没有谁是像我这样用心的。但邻国的人民也不见减少,我的人民也不见增多,这是为什么呢?”
孟子回答说:“大王您喜欢打仗,我就用打仗来比喻吧。咚咚的战鼓敲响了,双方的兵刃相接触了,战败的一方丢盔弃甲而逃,有的跑了上百步才停下,有的跑了五十多步就停步。跑了五十步的人讥笑那跑了上百步的人,您觉得如何?”
    梁惠王说:“这不可以,他只不过没有跑一百步罢了,但同样是逃跑。”
    孟子说:“大王您既然懂得这个道理,就不要期望您的百姓比邻国增多了。只要不违背农业耕作的时间,粮食就吃不完;细密的鱼网不进入池塘,鱼鳖就吃不完;砍伐树林以规定的时间,木材便可以使用不尽。粮食和鱼鳖吃不完,木材使用不尽,这就是让百姓养育生者埋葬死者而无憾的事,这就是王道的开始。
“有五亩地的人家户,让他们种上桑树,五十岁以上的人就有衣裳穿了。鸡鸭猪狗等家禽,不失时节地繁殖养育,七十岁以上的人就有肉吃了。有百亩地的人家户,不要夺去他们农业耕种的时间,数口之家就不会闹饥荒了。郑重地开展学校教育,强调继承历史的经验和兄弟和睦的意义,头发斑白的老人就不至于在路上肩挑头顶奔波劳累了。七十岁以上的老人都能穿衣吃肉,普通百姓整年不受饥寒,然而还不叫王道,是没有的事。
    “现在猪狗吃人们的粮食而不知道检点,道路上有饿死的人而不知道开仓赈济,人死了,却说:‘这不关我的事,是年岁不好。’这跟把人杀了却说:‘不是我杀的,是兵器杀的。’又有什么不同呢?大王您不要怪罪于年岁不好,那么天下的老百姓便会都来到您这里。”
  【读解】
    梁惠王认为自己是为民分忧的,可是孟子却不这样认为,他举了个战争中逃跑的例子,五十步笑百步,同样是逃跑,有什么资格讥笑别人呢?也就是说,所有的统治者都不愿意自己的民众死得光光的,当有天灾人祸发生时,统治者们总要顾及一下民众,以期得到民众的拥护。但是这种顾及,并没有从根本上解决人民的安居乐业问题。所以不是最佳的行为方式。所以孟子提出了“不违农时,……养生丧死无憾”的等等王道政策。
    这些为民着想的政策,其实从周初以来就有的,如《国语•鲁语上》:“鸟兽孕,水虫成,兽虞于是乎禁罝罗,矠鱼鳖以为夏犒,助生阜也。鸟兽成,水虫孕,水虞于是禁罝罜蔍,设阱鄂,以实庙庖,畜功用也。”《国语•周语》说:“周制有之曰:‘列树以表道,立鄙食以守路,国有郊牧,疆有寓望,薮有圃草,囿有林池,所以御灾也。’其馀无非谷土,民无悬耜,野无奥草,不夺民时,不蔑民功,有优无匮,有逸无罢。国有班事,县有序民。今陈国道路不可知,田在草间,功成而不收,民罢于逸乐,是弃先王之法制也。”以及《论语》中孔子有许多爱民思想,这些很好的为民政策为什么没有得到发扬和传承呢?这就要从周初的大封建说起,本来分封而建立诸侯邦国是件好事,是周初统治者将自己信得过的人派出去镇守各方,但随着时间的推移以及世袭制的弊病和陋规,后来各诸侯邦国的继承者们都将所辖之地认为是自己的私有,而既得利益不容侵犯,个人利益更不容侵犯,于是私有制就愈演愈烈,从争夺人类赖以饱腹的食物开始,到争夺财产,再到争夺可以生产财产的土地,人类的私欲失去了限度,变得荒淫而可怕。人类更失去了应该凝聚的特性,成了一盘散沙,各自为阵,顽固地坚持着所谓的民族习惯、民族风俗(所谓的优秀种族),个人利益,并且在人类生存与发展的问题上,采取了纯粹的地方保护主义,只从自己的利益出发,根本不考虑、不在乎别人的生存环境、生存条件,不考虑、不在乎别人的生存与发展,不考虑、不在乎大自然运行的独特规律,只想自己来统治这个大地上的人类,统治大自然,作威作富,只手遮天。因此就有了混乱不堪的春秋战国时代。孟子在此时重提王道和爱民思想,重提行为方式问题,是有着很重要的历史意义的。
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