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《孟子》中英文版 第二编 《梁惠王下》(1)

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-4-30 10:58:50 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
《孟子》中英文版
第二编 《梁惠王下》(1)
第二编 《梁惠王下 - Liang Hui Wang II》(共十六章)
第一章  分享的快乐才是快乐
莊暴見孟子,曰:“暴見於王,王語暴以好樂,暴未有以對也。”曰:“好樂何如?”
Zhuang Bao, seeing Mencius, said to him, 'I had an interview with the king. His Majesty told me that he loved music, and I was not prepared with anything to reply to him. What do you pronounce about that love of music?'
   
孟子曰:“王之好樂甚,則齊國其庶幾乎!”
Mencius replied, 'If the king's love of music were very great, the kingdom of Qi would be near to a state of good government!'
   
他日,見於王曰:“王嘗語莊子以好樂,有諸?”王變乎色,曰:“寡人非能好先王之樂也,直好世俗之樂耳。”
Another day, Mencius, having an interview with the king, said, 'Your Majesty, I have heard, told the officer Zhuang, that you love music - was it so?' The king changed colour, and said, 'I am unable to love the music of the ancient sovereigns; I only love the music that suits the manners of the present age.'
   
曰:“王之好樂甚,則齊其庶幾乎!今之樂猶古之樂也。”曰:“可得聞與?”
Mencius said, 'If your Majesty's love of music were very great, Qi would be near to a state of good government! The music of the present day is just like the music of antiquity, as regards effecting that.' The king said, 'May I hear from you the proof of that?'
   
曰:“獨樂樂,與人樂樂,孰樂?”曰:“不若與人。”
Mencius asked, 'Which is the more pleasant - to enjoy music by yourself alone, or to enjoy it with others?' 'To enjoy it with others,' was the reply.
   
曰:“與少樂樂,與眾樂樂,孰樂?”曰:“不若與眾。”
'And which is the more pleasant - to enjoy music with a few, or to enjoy it with many?' 'To enjoy it with many.'
   
“臣請為王言樂:今王鼓樂於此,百姓聞王鐘鼓之聲,管籥之音,舉疾首蹙頞而相告曰:‘吾王之好鼓樂,夫何使我至於此極也?父子不相見,兄弟妻子離散。’今王田獵於此,百姓聞王車馬之音,見羽旄之美,舉疾首蹙頞而相告曰:‘吾王之好田獵,夫何使我至於此極也?父子不相見,兄弟妻子離散。’此無他,不與民同樂也。”
Mencius proceeded, 'Your servant begs to explain what I have said about music to your Majesty. Now, your Majesty is having music here. The people hear the noise of your bells and drums, and the notes of your fifes and pipes, and they all, with aching heads, knit their brows, and say to one another, "That's how our king likes his music! But why does he reduce us to this extremity of distress? Fathers and sons cannot see one another. Elder brothers and younger brothers, wives and children, are separated and scattered abroad." Now, your Majesty is hunting here. The people hear the noise of your carriages and horses, and see the beauty of your plumes and streamers, and they all, with aching heads, knit their brows, and say to one another, "That's how our king likes his hunting! But why does he reduce us to this extremity of distress? Fathers and sons cannot see one another. Elder brothers and younger brothers, wives and children, are separated and scattered abroad." Their feeling thus is from no other reason but that you do not allow the people to have pleasure as well as yourself.
   
“今王鼓樂於此,百姓聞王鐘鼓之聲,管籥之音,舉欣欣然有喜色而相告曰:‘吾王庶幾無疾病與?何以能鼓樂也?’今王田獵於此,百姓聞王車馬之音,見羽旄之美,舉欣欣然有喜色而相告曰‘吾王庶幾無疾病與?何以能田獵也?’此無他,與民同樂也。今王與百姓同樂,則王矣。”
'Now, your Majesty is having music here. The people hear the noise of your bells and drums, and the notes of your fifes and pipes, and they all, delighted, and with joyful looks, say to one another, "That sounds as if our king were free from all sickness! If he were not, how could he enjoy this music?" Now, your Majesty is hunting here. The people hear the noise of your carriages and horses, and see the beauty of your plumes and streamers, and they all, delighted, and with joyful looks, say to one another, "That looks as if our king were free from all sickness! If he were not, how could he enjoy this hunting?" Their feeling thus is from no other reason but that you cause them to have their pleasure as you have yours. If your Majesty now will make pleasure a thing common to the people and yourself, the royal sway awaits you.'
【原文】
庄暴1见孟子,曰:“暴见于王,王语暴以2好乐,暴未有以对也。”曰:“好乐何如?”
孟子曰:“王之好乐甚,则齐国其庶几乎!”
他日,见于王曰:“王尝语庄子以好乐,有诸?”
王变乎色,曰:“寡人非能好先王之乐也,直好世俗之乐耳。”
曰:“王之好乐甚,则齐国其庶几乎!今之乐由3古之乐也。”
曰:“可得闻与?”
曰:“独乐乐,与人乐乐,孰乐?”
曰:“不若与人。”
曰:“与少乐乐,与众乐乐,孰乐?”
曰:“不若与众。”
“臣请为王言乐。今王鼓乐於此,百姓闻王钟鼓之声,管籥之音,举疾首蹙4额而相告曰:‘吾王之好鼓乐,夫何使我至於此极也?父子不相见,兄弟妻子离散。’今王田猎於此,百姓闻王车马之音,见羽旄之美,举疾首蹙额而相告曰:‘吾王之好田猎,夫何使我至於此极也?父子不相见,兄弟妻子离散。’此无他,不与民同乐也。”
“今王鼓乐於此,百姓闻王钟鼓之声,管籥之音,举欣欣然有喜色而相告曰:‘吾王庶几无疾病与?何以能鼓乐也?’今王田猎於此,百姓闻王车马之音,见羽旄之美,举欣欣然有喜色而相告曰:‘吾王庶几无疾病与?何以能田猎也?’此无他,与民同乐也。今王与百姓同乐,则王矣。”
 【注释】
1.庄暴:当时齐国的一个大臣。
2.以:《书•尧典》:“日中,星鸟,以殷仲春。”《书•康诰》:“远乃猷,裕乃以。”《诗•召南•江有汜》:“江有汜,之子归,不我以。”《诗•周颂•潜》:“以享以祀,以介景福。”《左传•僖公二十六年》:“凡师能左右之曰以。”《易•兑•象》:“丽泽,兑;君子以朋友讲习。”《小尔雅》:“以,用也。”《说文》:“以,用也。”《玉篇•人部》:“以,用也。”这里用为“用”之意。
3.由:《书•武成》:“乃反商政,政由旧。”《书•康诰》:“乃由裕民。”《诗•小雅•宾之初筵》:“匪言勿言,匪由勿语。”《诗•大雅•假乐》:“不愆不忘,率由旧章。”《论语•泰伯》:子曰:‘民可使由之,不可使知之。’”《荀子•修身》:“凡用血气、志意、知虑,由礼则治通,不由礼则勃乱提僈。”这里用为遵从,遵照之意。
4.蹙:(cu促)《诗•小雅•节南山》:“我瞻四方,蹙蹙靡所骋。”《仪礼•士相见礼》:“始见于君,执挚至下,容弥蹙。”《孟子•万章上》:“舜见瞽瞍,其容有蹙。”《荀子•富国》:“蹙然衣粗食恶。”这里用为局促不安之意。
【译文】
庄暴碰见孟子,说:“我朝见大王,大王告诉我用什么能得到好的快乐。我没有回答。”他接着问道:“好的快乐应该怎么办?”
孟子说:“大王对得到好的快乐的事看得很重,那么齐国差不多就好了。”
几天后,孟子见到齐宣王时问道:“大王曾经告诉庄暴用什么能得到好的快乐,有这回事吗?”
齐宣王脸色一变,说:“寡人并不是喜好先王们的那种快乐,我只是喜好这世俗的快乐罢了。”
孟子说:“大王对能得到好的快乐看得很重,那么齐国差不多就好了!如今的快乐是遵从古代的快乐的。”
齐宣王问:“可以说来听听吗?”
孟子说:“独自一人快乐地享受快乐,和别人一起快乐地享受快乐,哪一种快乐?”
齐宣王说:“不如和别人一起。”
孟子说:“与很少的人快乐地享受快乐,和大众一起快乐地享受快乐,哪一种快乐?”
齐宣王说:“不如和大众一起。”
孟子说:“臣请求为大王解说快乐的根本含义。今大王鼓乐喧天于此地,百姓听闻钟鼓之声,笙箫之音,都愁眉苦脸地互相诉说:‘我们的大王这样喜好鼓乐,为什么使我们落到这种地步呢?父子不能相见,兄弟妻子离散。’今大王在此打猎,百姓听闻大王车马的声音,见到旌旗的华丽,都愁眉苦脸地互相诉说:‘我们的大王这样喜好打猎,为什么使我们落到这种地步呢?父子不能相见,兄弟妻子离散。’这没有别的原因,是因为不能与民同乐。
“今大王鼓乐喧天于此地,百姓听闻大王钟鼓之声,笙箫之音,都眉开眼笑地互相诉说:‘我们大王大概没有生病吧,要不然能鼓乐于此?’今大王在此打猎,百姓听闻大王车马的声音,见到旌旗的华丽,都眉开眼笑互相诉说:‘我们大王大概没有生病吧,要不然怎能在此打猎呢?’这没有别的原因,就是能与民同乐。今大王与百姓们共同享受快乐,就是王道了。”
  【读解】
在上篇第二章中,孟子与梁惠王就曾经谈过“与民同乐”的问题。本章之重提,并不是因为齐宣王不懂这个道理,而是本书的编纂者意在重点突出“爱民”的基础就在于“与民同乐”的行为方式上。
一个人的一生,谁不想幸福而快乐?人生就是追求幸福和快乐的,不论是什么哲学,不论是什么主义,不论是哪一种宗教,不论是哪一种经济活动,人们孜孜追求的就是想能得到幸福和快乐!乐是什么?就是“安居乐业”的“乐”。这个“乐”就是人类所孜孜不倦追求的最高目的。那么,什么样的快乐才算是好的快乐呢?人类自从有了思维以后,就开始思索,如何才能让自己身体的感观能获得最大的愉悦。于是,食物、衣物、房屋、车辆舟船等被相继发明出来。然后这些东西就越来越精细,越来越符合人们的需要,越来越使人们离不开。而获得更好的东西,即可以满足人们身心的愉悦;于是人们的欲求心就越来越强,以至于到现在,再高明的科学技术也满足不了人们的欲望。而欲望(包含着贪求、贪婪、渴望、热望、贪恋、恐惧、挫折感、自负、烦恼、愤怒、焦虑以及寻求欲、获得欲、享受欲、贮藏欲、消费欲等)得不到满足,人们就产生了痛苦,因而快乐就越来越少了。除了极少数人似乎能得到满足外——不论是狂喜的满足还是恬静的满足——人们都不会突然中止自己的欲求,好了还要想好,然而大部分人的欲望都是得不到满足的。虽然有些有短暂片刻的满足,但那只是瞬间的满足,转瞬间即像泡沫一样消逝在广大的欲海中,人们又开始新的欲望的渴求,有了新的期盼,希望拥有未来的意向。因此人们就越来越痛苦。
而每个人快乐的根源都不是相同的,某件事成功了,情感上得到满足,人们就会感到快乐;看到某样东西,也会有人感到快乐。然而,当独自一人享受快乐时,并不能感受到真正的快乐,这就是因为没有人来分享你的快乐!快乐的精神是精神适意、安宁、自足,一个人的精神快乐并不需要荣华富贵和金钱女人,这些东西不属于性命本身的。真正的快乐是从生命的本性流露出来的,它源于自己的精神内部。自然而然地顺乎人性,是快乐的人格内涵。快乐是与对人生的憧憬,对未来的希望联系在一起的。而享乐则是缺乏生活目标,没有人生信念,更没有创造乐趣。享乐者认为人生没有什么信念和意义可言,人生就是为了吃喝玩乐。享乐则从来没有安宁和自足感。享乐的背后是病态和失望,旧的刺激刚过去又得马上寻求新的刺激,否则,享乐者就会百无聊赖,就显得惶惶不安。之所以许多人在物欲横流的社会中丧失了自我,甘愿把自己作为商品推销,失去人的本性,其根源是想以此换得金钱物质,以满足自己贪婪的欲望。人与人之间失去了真诚,失去了最佳行为方式,相互的理解和同情就成了空话。这一切不正证明我们在愚弄歪曲着自己的本性吗!以此种痛苦伴随一生,我们会有做人的快乐吗?生命的根基迷失了,才会导致如此的痛苦,只有找回自然而然的生命根基,我们才会有快乐,人类才能走出误区,走向光明。
从老百姓的角度来说,都希望统治者快乐,因为统治者快乐了,才能很好地管理和治理社会,减轻赋税,大赦天下。如果统治者不快乐,就说明这个国家,这个社会存在问题,有了麻烦。个人的快乐需要社会安定,因为只有丰衣足食才能使人快乐,而丰衣足食则来自于社会安定,来自于统治有方。所以统治者的快乐、忧愁,都牵扯着每一个老百姓。就像一个家庭一样,家长的快乐与否,牵动着每一个家庭成员。所以,如果家长一个人快乐,全家人都莫名其妙看着他傻乎乎地高兴,家长忧愁,全家人都沉下脸色,这个家长快乐吗?《孟子》一书,开篇就提出“快乐”问题,实有深意。人生之所以痛苦,就在于行为方式的选择,稍不留意,行为错了,烦恼与痛苦马上就接踵而至。所以孟子用了很多篇幅来讨论人们的行为方式问题,只有选择了正确的行为方式,我们才能够得到快乐。然而,最佳行为方式没有框框套套,我们只有树立起正确的世界观、价值观、人生观,才能很好地判断事物,才能选择到最佳行为方式。
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