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《孟子》中英文版 第二编 《梁惠王下》(12)

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 楼主| 发表于 2013-4-30 10:55:18 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
《孟子》中英文版
第二编 《梁惠王下》(12)
第十二章 出尔反尔
鄒與魯鬨。穆公問曰:“吾有司死者三十三人,而民莫之死也。誅之,則不可勝誅;不誅,則疾視其長上之死而不救,如之何則可也?”
  There had been a brush between Zou and Lu, when the duke Mu asked Mencius, saying,'Of my officers there were killed thirty-three men, and none of the people would die in their defence. Though I sentenced them to death for their conduct, it is impossible to put such a multitude to death. If I do not put them to death, then there is the crime unpunished of their looking angrily on at the death of their officers, and not saving them. How is the exigency of the case to be met?'
   
孟子對曰:“凶年饑歲,君之民老弱轉乎溝壑,壯者散而之四方者,幾千人矣;而君之倉廩實,府庫充,有司莫以告,是上慢而殘下也。曾子曰:‘戒之戒之!出乎爾者,反乎爾者也。’夫民今而後得反之也。君無尤焉。君行仁政,斯民親其上、死其長矣。”
  Mencius replied, 'In calamitous years and years of famine, the old and weak of your people, who have been found lying in the ditches and water-channels, and the able-bodied who have been scattered about to the four quarters, have amounted to several thousands. All the while, your granaries, 0 prince, have been stored with grain, and your treasuries and arsenals have been full, and not one of your officers has told you of the distress. Thus negligent have the superiors in your State been, and cruel to their inferiors. The philosopher Zeng said, "Beware, beware. What proceeds from you, will return to you again." Now at length the people have paid back the conduct of their officers to them. Do not you, 0 prince, blame them. If you will put in practice a benevolent government, this people will love you and all above them, and will die for their officers.'
  【原文】
  邹与鲁拱①。穆公②问曰:“吾有司死者三十三人,而民莫之死也”。诛之,则不可胜诛;不诛,则疾④视其长上之死而不救.如之何则可也?”
  孟子对曰:“凶年饥岁,君之民老弱转乎沟壑⑤,壮者散而之对方者,几(6)千人矣;而君之仓廪实,府库充,有司莫以告,是上慢而残下也。曾子(7)曰:‘戒之戒之!出乎尔者,反乎尔者也。’夫民今而后得反之也。君无尤(8)焉!君行仁政,斯民亲其上,死其长矣。”
  【注释】
①邹与鲁拱:邹国与鲁国交战。昭,争吵,冲突,交战。
②穆公:即邹穆公。孟子是邹国人,所以穆公问他。
③莫之死:即“莫死之的倒装,“之’”指“有司”。意思是“没有人为他们而死。”
④疾:憎恨。
⑤转:弃尸的意思。
(6)几:接近,差不多。
(7)曾子:即孔子的学生曾参。
(8)尤:动词,责备、归罪。
  【译文】
  邹国与鲁国交战。邹穆公对孟子说:“我的官吏死了三十三个,百姓却没有一个为他们而牺牲的。杀他们吧,杀不了那么多;不杀他们吧,又实在恨他们眼睁睁地看着长官被杀而不去营救。到底怎么办才好呢?”
  孟子回答说:“灾荒年岁,您的老百姓,年老体弱的弃尸于山沟,年轻力壮的四处逃荒,差不多有上千人吧;而您的粮仓里堆满粮食,货库里装满财宝,官吏们却从来不向您报告老百姓的情况,这是他们不关心老百姓并且还残害老百姓的表现。曾子说:‘小心啊,小心啊!你怎样对待别人,别人也会怎样对待你。’现在就是老百姓报复他们的时候了。您不要归罪于老百姓吧!只要您施行仁政,老百姓自然就会亲近他们的领导人,肯为他们的长官而牺牲了。”
  【读解】
  出乎尔者,反乎尔者。也就是“一报还一报”,近于以其人之道治其人之身的意思。但后世演变为成语“出尔反尔”,则成了言行前后矛盾,此一时,彼一时,反复无常的意思了。
  在孟子这里,实际上还是说的君与民、官与民的关系问题。孟子的意思很简单,普通老百姓看到当官的战死而见死不救固然是不对,但当老百姓灾荒年岁饿死或逃荒时,你当官的见死不救就对吗?当官不为民做主,又要你这当官的来干什么呢?说到底,就是我们常说的“你不仁,我不义”,一报还一报,也就是曾子所说的“出乎尔者,反乎尔者也’。话说回来,只要你当官的施行仁政关心加民众的疾苦,那么,自然就会出现“你仁我义”的情况,那还是叫做一报还一报,“出乎尔者,反乎尔者也”。
  所以,“出尔反尔”的思想其实与《易经》所谓“积善之家,必有余庆;积不善之家,必有余殃”是相通的。善恶都是报应。当然,这里的报应不是佛教神秘意义上的来世因果报应,而是现世现报,不是天报神报,而是人报。但其因果关系却是存在无疑的。
  引申开来,当然不只是君与民、官与民之间才有这种关系,就是我们平常的人际交往中,也同样存在着这种关系。我们周围的多人,不就是因为没有善处这种关系而弄得来“你不仁,我有义”,今天你打我一个小报告,明天我戳你一下脊梁骨,关键时间让你丢人现眼,下不了台。就这样愈演愈烈,最后酿成了冲突,甚至大打出手,闹出事端来的也不鲜见。遇到这种事情,最后解决的时候追根溯源,多半会发现正是“出尔反尔”所致。甚至我们偶尔看新闻报道某个杀人案件,其事端也正是起于“出乎尔者,反乎尔者也”。
  后果如此严重,难怪曾子在说这句话时一再提醒我们:“成之戒之!”难道我们不应当“戒之”吗?
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