青春期焦虑症和大脑发育有关
ADOLESCENCE is practically synonymous in our culture with risk taking, emotional drama and all forms of outlandish behavior. Until very recently, the widely accepted explanation for adolescent angst has been psychological. Developmentally, teenagers face a number of social and emotional challenges, like starting to separate from their parents, getting accepted into a peer group and figuring out who they really are. It doesn’t take a psychoanalyst to realize that these are anxiety-provoking transitions.在我们的文化里，青春期几乎是冒险、情感闹剧和各种出格举动的同义词。直至近期，人们普遍从心理学角度来解释青春期焦虑。从发育的角度来看，青少年面临一系列社交和情感上的挑战，比如开始与家长分离、争取同龄伙伴的接纳，同时塑造自已的身份认同感。不需要精神分析专家，大家便可以发觉，这些转变都会触发焦虑。
But there is a darker side to adolescence that, until now, was poorly understood: a surge during teenage years in anxiety and fearfulness. Largely because of a quirk of brain development, adolescents, on average, experience more anxiety and fear and have a harder time learning how not to be afraid than either children or adults.
不过，人们现在才发现，青春期还有鲜有人了解的较为阴暗的一面：在青少年阶段，焦虑和恐惧会激增。主要由于大脑发育的剧烈变化，相比儿童或成年人，青少年总的来说要面对更多的焦虑与恐惧，而且更难了解自己怎样才能不那么害怕。
Different regions and circuits of the brain mature at very different rates. It turns out that the brain circuit for processing fear — the amygdala — is precocious and develops way ahead of the prefrontal cortex, the seat of reasoning and executive control. This means that adolescents have a brain that is wired with an enhanced capacity for fear and anxiety, but is relatively underdeveloped when it comes to calm reasoning.
大脑不同的区域和沟回以截然不同的速度发育成熟。现在人们已经发现，处理恐惧的大脑回路——也就是杏仁核——比负责推理和执行控制的额前皮质要提前发育很多。这意味着，青少年的大脑有较强的感知恐惧与焦虑能力，但在需要冷静推理时，却发育得不那么充分。
You may wonder why, if adolescents have such enhanced capacity for anxiety, they are such novelty seekers and risk takers. It would seem that the two traits are at odds. The answer, in part, is that the brain’s reward center, just like its fear circuit, matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex. That reward center drives much of teenagers’ risky behavior. This behavioral paradox also helps explain why adolescents are particularly prone to injury and trauma. The top three killers of teenagers are accidents, homicide and suicide.
你也许会问，既然青少年感知焦虑的能力有了如此大的提升，为什么同时他们还这么喜欢追求新奇，渴望冒险呢？这两种特质貌似是水火不相容的。部分原因在于，大脑的奖励中枢和恐惧回路一样，都是先于额前皮质开始发育。青少年做出的许多冒险行为由额前皮质驱使。这种行为悖论也有助于解释，为什么青少年特别容易受到身体和心理上的创伤。青少年的前三位杀手分别是事故、凶杀及自杀。
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