Behaviorism 行为主义
Behaviorism,
also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based
upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.
Conditioning occurs through interaction with the
environment.
According to behaviorism, behavior
can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no
consideration of internal mental
states. This
school of thought suggests that only observable behaviors should be
studied, since internal states such as cognitions,
emotions and moods are too subjective.
Behaviorism holds that the subject matter of human psychology is
the behavior of human being.Behavior claims that consciousness
neither a definite nor a usable concept.
行为主义，或者说是行为主义心理学是一种基于所有的行为都是通过条件反射获得的理论。条件反射是通过与环境的交互作用产生的。
根据行为主义的观点，行为可以以一种系统的、可观察的方式进行研究。这一思想学派认为由于内部状态，如认知、情感和情绪太主观，所以只需要研究可观察的行为即可。
行为主义认为
[color=]，人的心理的题材是人类的行为
。认为意识既不是一个确定的也不是一个有用的概念。
Cognitivism
认知主义
Cognitive theorists recognize that much learning involves
associations established through contiguity
and
repetition. They also acknowledge the importance of reinforcement,
although they stress its role in providing feedback about
correctness of responses over its role as a motivator. However,
even while accepting such behavioristic concepts, cognitive
theorists view learning as involving the
acquisition or
reorganization of the cognitive structures through which humans
process and store information.
Cognitivism view learning as
a reorganization of the cognitive structure in which individuals
store information.According to cognitivism,knowledge occurs in internal
strutures called schemes.when new information comes in through the
senses,it is compared with the schemes already
present,and the schemes may then be combined or changed in
light of view.
认知主义认为，学习包括通过持续和重复建立起来的联系。尽管他们强调它在提供正确性反馈方面的作用胜过它作为动力的作用，但是他们也承认强化的重要性。然而，尽管他们接受行为主义的某些观点，但是认知主义家们认为学习是认知结构的获得和重组。
认知主义认为学习对个体存储的信息的认知结构的重组。认知主义认为，知识发生在内部，成为架构。当通过感观获得新知识时，这些新知识便会与已经存在的架构相比较，原来的架构因此可能会重组或发生改变。
constructivism
建构主义
Constructivism is a type of learning theory that explains human
learning as an active attempt to construct meaning in the world
around us. Constructivists believe that learning is more active and
self-directed than either behaviorism or
cognitive theory would postulate.
Constructivism divides learning into two types: accommodation and
assimilation. The focus is on the individual’s desire and ability
to learn, and the teacher is merely there to help guide
self-directed learning.
建构主义学习理论是这样一种学习理论，即他认为学习室人们对周围世界的积极的有意义的建构。建构主义认为，与行为主义和认知主义相比，学习是更加积极和自主的。
建构主义将学习分成了两类：顺应和同化。关键在于个人的需求和能力，老师仅仅是帮助学生进行自主学习。
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