NO.1 Behaviorism[/B]
Behavioral
psychology , also known as behaviorism , is a theory of learning
based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through
conditioning . Conditioning occurs through interaction with the
environment . According to behaviorism , behavior can be studied in
a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of
internal mental states.
译：行为主义[/B]
行为心理学，也称作行为主义，它是一种基于人的所有行为都是通过后天的调节而获得的观点的学习理论。这种后天的调节是在与环境交互作用时发生。根据行为主义，可以采用系统方法和观察方法来研究人类行为，而不用考虑人的内部心理状态。
NO. 2 Cognitivism[/B]
Cognitive
theorists recognize that much learning involves associations
established through contiguity and repetition. They also
acknowledge the importance of reinforcement, although they stress
its role in providing feedback about correctness of responses over
its role as a motivator . However, even while accepting such
behavioristic concepts, cognitive theorists view learning as
involving the acquisition or reorganization of the cognitive
structures through which humans process and store
information.
译：认知主义[/B]
认知理论的学者认为，大部分的学习包含通过连续和重复所建立的关联。他们同样意识到强化的重要性，尽管他们强调它在提供正确反应的反馈时的重要性，胜过它作为一种刺激因素的重要性。但是，即便接受了这种行为主义的观念，认知主义的学者依然认为，学习是包括通过人类加工和存储信息，来获取或者重组认知结构的活动。
NO. 3 Constructivism[/B]
Constructivism is a type of learning theory that explains
human learning as an active attempt to construct meaning in the
world around us. Constructivists believe that learning is more
active and self-directed than either behaviorism or cognitive
theory would postulate.
Constructivism divides learning into two types:
accommodation and assimilation. The focus is on the individual’s
desire and ability to learn, and the teacher or therapist is merely
there to help guide self-directed learning.
译：建构主义[/B]
建构主义是一种把人类的学习解释为一种尝试建构我们周围世界意义的活动的学习理论。比起其他的行为主义或者认知理论所假设的学习，建构主义学者相信学习更积极、自主。
建构主义将学习分为两种类型：顺应和同化。重点在于个人的学习意愿和学习能力，并且老师或者专家仅仅帮助指导自主学习。 |
