Behaviorism 行为主义
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of
learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with
the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied
in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of
internal mental states.
行为主义心理学也叫行为主义，是一种基于所有的行为都是通过条件获得观点的学习理论。通过与环境交互产生条件。依据行为主义，可以用系统的和观察的方式研究行为而不用考虑内部心理状态。
Cognitivism 认知主义
“Cognitive theorists recognize that much learning involves
associations established through contiguity and repetition.”They
also acknowledge the importance of reinforcement, although they
stress its role in providing feedback about the correctness of
responses over its role as a motivator. However, even while
accepting such behavioristic concepts, cognitive theorists view
learning as involving the acquisition or reorganization of the
cognitive structure through which humans process and store
information.
“认知理论家们认识到，许多学习包括通过连续性和重复性建立的联结。”他们也承认强化的重要性，尽管他们强调它在提供正确性反馈方面的作用胜过它作为动力的作用。然而，即使他们接受这样的行为主义概念时，认知主义家们认为学习是的认知结构的获得或者重组，人类通过这些结构加工和存储信息。
Constructivism 建构主义
Constructivism is a type of learning theory that explains human
learning as an active attempt to construct meaning in the world
around us. Constructivists believe that learning is more active and
self-directed than either behaviorism or cognitive theory would
postulate.
Constructivism divides learning into two types: accommodation
and assimilation. The focus is on the individual’s desire and
ability to learn, and the teacher or therapist is merely there to
help guide self-directed learning.
建构主义是一种把人类学习解释为在我们周围世界积极尝试意义建构的学习理论。比起行为主义和认知主义理论假定的学习，建构主义家们相信学习是更加积极和自主的。
建构主义把学习分为两中类型：顺应和同化。关键在个人需求和学习能力上，教师或者治疗专家仅仅帮助自主的学习。
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