《论语》中英文版
第十章 乡党篇(18)
君賜食，必正席先嘗之；君賜腥，必熟而薦之；君賜生，必畜之。侍食於君，君祭，先飯。疾，君視之，東首，加朝服，拖紳。君命召，不俟駕行矣。
When the prince sent him a gift of cooked meat, he would adjust his mat, first taste it, and then give it away to others.
When the prince sent him a gift of undressed meat, he would have it cooked, and offer it to the spirits of his ancestors.
When the prince sent him a gift of a living animal, he would keep it alive.
When he was in attendance on the prince and joining in the entertainment, the prince only sacrificed. He first tasted everything.
When he was ill and the prince came to visit him, he had his head to the east, made his court robes be spread over him, and drew his girdle across them.
When the prince's order called him, without waiting for his carriage to be yoked, he went at once.
【原文】
君赐食①，必正席先尝之②。君赐腥③，必熟而荐之④。君赐生⑤，必畜之⑥。侍食于君，君祭，先饭。疾⑦，君视之，东首⑧，加朝服，拖绅⑨。君命召，不俟驾行矣。
【今译】
国君赐给熟食，孔子一定摆正坐位，先尝一尝。国君赐给生肉，一定先煮熟，再给祖宗进供。国君赐给活物，一定养着它。和国君一同吃饭，当国君饭前祭礼时，自己先吃饭，不吃菜。
孔子病了，国君来探问，他便把脸朝东，把朝服盖在身上，拖着大带。国君召见，不等车辆驾好马，立即先步行。
【注释】
①食：对照下文“腥”、“生”来看，此处的“食”指熟食。
②正席：摆正坐位，表示恭敬。
③腥：生的鱼肉。
④荐：追荐，进奉祖先。
⑤生：活的牲口。
⑥畜：豢养。
⑦疾：生病。
⑧东首：面朝东，迎接从阼阶走来的国君。
⑨绅：束于礼服外的大带。
【评点】
本章记载孔子事奉国君的行为，其中贯穿恭敬态度。古时臣受到国君的赏赐，不在乎东西的贵贱多少，而认为是一种光荣。从陪国君吃饭来看，按《周礼》介绍，国君平时吃饭，厨师先尝食。有臣陪着国君吃饭时，厨师就不尝食了，而由臣尝食。“君祭，先食”的意义就在此。因此，国君赐食，孔子正席先尝，是表示对国君的尊敬。国君赐生肉，煮熟了先给祖先上供，是让祖先也体会到君赐的光荣。又如孔子病时，国君来探望，孔子面朝东，是为了使国君能像上朝那样背北向南对着自己，孔子这时加盖朝服，表示仍然以君臣的礼节相见。从孔子事君之礼中，充分反映了他的尊君、忠君的思想。在君主权位和道之间搞平衡，过于看重君王权位，导致了后世忠君思想观念的强化和被利用来形成愚忠思想。 |
