《论语》中英文版
第十一章 先进篇(26)
子路、曾皙、冉有、公西華侍坐。子曰：“以吾一日長乎爾，毋吾以也。居則曰：“不吾知也！’如或知爾，則何以哉？”子路率爾而對曰：“千乘之國，攝乎大國之間，加之以師旅，因之以饑饉；由也為之，比及三年，可使有勇，且知方也。”夫子哂之。“求！爾何如？”對曰：“方六七十，如五六十，求也為之，比及三年，可使足民。如其禮樂，以俟君子。”“赤！爾何如？”對曰：“非曰能之，願學焉。宗廟之事，如會同，端章甫，願為小相焉。”“點！爾何如？”鼓瑟希，鏗爾，舍瑟而作。對曰：“異乎三子者之撰。”子曰：“何傷乎？亦各言其志也。”曰：“莫春者，春服既成。冠者五六人，童子六七人，浴乎沂，風乎舞雩，詠而歸。”夫子喟然歎曰：“吾與點也！”三子者出，曾皙後。曾皙曰：“夫三子者之言何如？”子曰：“亦各言其志也已矣。”曰：“夫子何哂由也？”曰：“為國以禮，其言不讓，是故哂之。”“唯求則非邦也與？”“安見方六七十如五六十而非邦也者？”“唯赤則非邦也與？”“宗廟會同，非諸侯而何？赤也為之小，孰能為之大？”
Zi Lu, Zeng Xi, Ran You, and Gong Xi Hua were sitting by the Master. He said to them, "Though I am a day or so older than you, do not think of that. From day to day you are saying, 'We are not known.' If some ruler were to know you, what would you like to do?"
Zi Lu hastily and lightly replied, "Suppose the case of a state of ten thousand chariots; let it be straitened between other large states; let it be suffering from invading armies; and to this let there be added a famine in corn and in all vegetables - if I were intrusted with the government of it, in three years' time I could make the people to be bold, and to recognize the rules of righteous conduct."
The Master smiled at him. Turning to Ran You, he said, "Qiu, what are your wishes?"
Qiu replied, "Suppose a state of sixty or seventy li square, or one of fifty or sixty, and let me have the government of it - in three years' time, I could make plenty to abound among the people. As to teaching them the principles of propriety, and music, I must wait for the rise of a superior man to do that."
"What are your wishes, Chi," said the Master next to Gong Xi Hua. Chi replied, "I do not say that my ability extends to these things, but I should wish to learn them. At the services of the ancestral temple, and at the audiences of the princes with the sovereign, I should like, dressed in the dark square-made robe and the black linen cap, to act as a small assistant."
Last of all, the Master asked Zeng Xi, "Dian, what are your wishes?" Dian, pausing as he was playing on his lute, while it was yet twanging, laid the instrument aside, and "My wishes," he said, "are different from the cherished purposes of these three gentlemen." "What harm is there in that?" said the Master; "do you also, as well as they, speak out your wishes."
Dian then said, "In this, the last month of spring, with the dress of the season all complete, along with five or six young men who have assumed the cap, and six or seven boys, I would wash in the Yi, enjoy the breeze among the rain altars, and return home singing."
The Master heaved a sigh and said, "I give my approval to Dian." The three others having gone out, Zeng Xi remained behind, and said, "What do you think of the words of these three friends?"
The Master replied, "They simply told each one his wishes." Xi pursued, "Master, why did you smile at You?" He was answered, "The management of a state demands the rules of propriety. His words were not humble; therefore I smiled at him."
Xi again said, "But was it not a state which Qiu proposed for himself?" The reply was, "Yes; did you ever see a territory of sixty or seventy li or one of fifty or sixty, which was not a state?" Once more, Xi inquired, "And was it not a state which Chi proposed for himself?"
The Master again replied, "Yes; who but princes have to do with ancestral temples, and with audiences but the sovereign? If Chi were to be a small assistant in these services, who could be a great one?"
【原文】
子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华侍坐。子曰：“以吾一日长乎尔，毋吾以也。居则曰：‘不吾知也！’如或知尔，则何以哉？”子路率尔而对曰：“千乘之国，摄乎大国之间，加之以师旅，因之以饥馑，由也为之，比及三年，可使有勇，且知方也。”夫子哂之。“求！尔何如？”对曰：“方六七十，如五六十，求也为之，比及三年，可使足民。如其礼乐，以俟君子。”“赤，尔何如？”对曰：“非曰能之，愿不焉。宗庙之事，如会同，端章甫，愿为小相焉。”“点，尔何如？”鼓瑟希，铿尔，舍瑟而作，对曰：“异乎三子者之撰。”子曰：“何伤乎？亦各言其志也。”曰：“莫春者，春服既成，冠者五六人，童子六七人，浴乎沂，风乎舞雩，咏而归。”夫子喟然叹曰：“吾与点也！”三子者出，曾皙后，曾皙曰：“夫三子者之言何如？”子曰：“亦各言其志也已矣。”曰：“夫子何哂由也？”曰：“为国以礼，其言不让，是故哂之。”“唯求则非邦也与？”“安见方六七十如五六十而非邦也者？”“唯赤则非邦也与？”“宗庙会同，非诸侯而何，赤也为之小，孰能为之大？”
【今译】
子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华，陪奉孔子闲坐着。孔子说：“因为我比你们年长一些，不要因为我而拘束。你们平时总是说：‘没人了解我呀！’假如有人了解你们，想用你们，你们又能怎么样呢？”子路不假思索地回答：“一个拥有一千辆兵车的国家，夹在大国之间，受别国军队的侵犯，又遇上凶年饥荒，让我去治理，只要三年，就可以使人民勇敢，而且知道遵守礼义。”孔子听了微笑一下。孔子又问：“冉求，你怎么样啊？”冉求答道：“一个纵横六七十里，或者五六十里的小国，如果让我去治理，只要三年，就可以使人民生活富足。至于礼乐教化方面，那要等待贤德的君子去实行了。”孔子又问：“公西赤，你怎么样啊？”“公西赤回答说：”不敢说我能够做到些什么，而是很愿意学习啊。在宗庙祭祀的事务上，或者与别的国家的盟会中，我穿上礼服，戴上礼帽，愿意做一个小小的赞礼人。”孔子又问：“曾点，你怎么样？”曾点正在弹瑟，声音渐渐稀疏，铿铿的一声停了，离开瑟站了起来，回答说：“我的志向和他们三位所讲的不一样。”孔子说：“那又有什么妨碍呢？也就是各人谈谈自己的志向嘛。”曾点说：“暮春时节，春天的衣服已经穿上了，和成年人五六人，少年六七人，去沂河洗洗澡，到舞雩台上吹吹风，然后唱着歌，缓缓而归。”孔子长叹一声，说：“我是赞成曾点的。”三人出去了，曾皙问孔子：“这三位说的话怎么样呢？”孔子说：“也就是各人谈谈自己的志向罢了。”曾皙说：“夫子为何笑仲由呢？”孔子说：“治理国家要讲礼让，他说话却不谦让，所以笑他。”曾皙又问：“难道冉求所讲的不是邦国之事吗？”孔子说：“怎见得纵横六七十里或者五六十里的地方就不是国家呢？”曾皙又问：“难道公西华所说的就不算治国了吗？”孔子说：“有宗庙、有同别国的盟会，那不是诸侯国又是什么呢？如果公西赤只能做一个小相，那谁还能做大相呢？”
【注释】
曾皙(xi)：曾参的父亲，名点，孔子的弟子。
一日：比喻年岁相差之短。是谦逊的说法。
毋吾以：“以”同“已”，此处是停此、受拘束的意思。
居：平时。
率尔：轻率地、急忙地。
千乘之国：指拥有纵横一百里面积的诸侯国。
摄：含有局促、受制约的意思。
师旅：犹言发生战争。
饥馑（ｊīｎ）：荒年。
比及：等到。
知方：懂得道义，遵守礼义。
哂（ｓｈěｎ）：微笑。
俟（ｓì）：等待。
赤：即公西华。
会同：诸侯会盟。
端章甫：“端”是礼服，“章甫”是礼帽。泛指宰穿着礼服。
小相：在祭祀，会同时，行赞礼的人员，“小”是谦逊的说法。
希：通“稀”。稀疏（节奏速度放慢）。
铿（ｋēｎｇ）：尔：铿的一声。
作：站起身来。
三子：三位。“子”是对同学的尊称。
撰：此处指想法、内容。
伤：妨害，妨碍。
莫：同“暮”。
既：已经。
成：定，穿得住了。
冠者：成年人。
沂（ｙí）：沂水，在山东曲阜县南。
舞雩（ｙú）：古代求雨的祭坛。
唯：语首助词，无实际意义。
【评点】
本章记载孔子与四个弟子谈志向的事。孔子开始时就叫弟子们不要拘束，因此大家谈得坦率、自然、各言其志。对子路、冉有、公西华三人的志向，一般都作了肯定。唯独曾点与其他三位谈得不完全相同，他所谈的不是事功，而是乐道。孔子十分赞赏曾点的春风沂水的情怀。那是人生的一种艺术审美情怀，正是人际和谐、人与自然和谐的一种美好理想的展示和流露。曾皙向往的悠闲自得的生活，正是孔子所追求的太平社会的缩影，是儒家治国平天下目标的形象表述，所以孔子情不自禁地赞同曾皙的志向。
本章在《论语》中文字最长，是一篇优美的、文学性很强的散文。从四位学生各其言志中，展示了各自的性格特点，展示了孔子与学生间亲密无间的师生关系。文中的孔子是一个深明事理、关心弟子、平易近人、循循善诱的长者形象；子路是一个豪爽率直而略带鲁莽性格的形象；冉有是一个诚实爽朗、虚心谨慎的形象；公西华是一个谦恭有余、掩饰真情的形象；曾皙洒脱、闲适，是一个志向高远而性情淡泊的形象。如同其他章节一样，本章写人偏重于人物精神世界的刻划，偏重于人物品格的表现，体现了儒家散文普遍的审美情趣。 |
