《论语》中英文版
第十六章 季氏篇(2)
孔子曰:“天下有道,則禮樂征伐自天子出;天下無道,則禮樂征伐自諸侯出。自諸侯出,蓋十世希不失矣;自大夫出,五世希不失矣;陪臣執國命,三世希不失矣。天下有道,則政不在大夫。天下有道,則庶人不議。”
Confucius said, "When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes.
When these things proceed from the princes, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in ten generations. When they proceed from the great officers of the princes, as a rule, the case will be few in which they do not lose their power in five generations.
When the subsidiary ministers of the great officers hold in their grasp the orders of the state, as a rule the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in three generations.
When right principles prevail in the kingdom, government will not be in the hands of the great officers. When right principles prevail in the kingdom, there will be no discussions among the common people."
【原文】
孔子曰:“天下有道,则礼乐征伐自天子出①;天下无道,则礼乐征伐自诸侯出,盖十世希不失矣②;自大夫出,五世希不失矣;陪臣执国命③,三世希不失矣。天下有道,则政不在大夫。天下有道,则庶人不议④。”
【今译】
孔子说:“天下政治清明,制礼作乐、出兵征伐的大事,由天子作出决定;天下政治黑暗,制礼作乐、出兵讨伐的大事,由诸侯作出决定。出自诸侯,大概传到十代很少有不丧失的;出自大夫,传到五代很少有不丧失的;家臣执掌了国家的命运,传到三代很少有不丧失的。天下政治清明,那么政权就不落在大夫手中;天下政治清明,那么,老百姓就不会议论纷纷。”
【注释】
①礼乐征伐:制礼作乐和出兵讨伐。
②十世:十代。古代三十年为一世。希:同“稀”,少。不失:指不失权势。
③陪臣:大夫的家臣。执国命:把持国家的命运。
④庶人:老百姓。
【评点】
孔子这段话,是他从考察历史,尤其是春秋时期的各国历史所得出的结论。孔子认为,政权传代的长短,与这个政权的执政方式是否合“理”有关。“逆理愈甚,则其失之愈速”(朱熹《集注》)。例如鲁国三桓当政,季氏自季友专政,经过文子、武子、平子、桓子而被家臣阳虎所执,是孔子所亲见,所以说“五世希不失”。至于“陪臣执国命”,如阳虎、公山弗扰等都是当身而败,不曾到三世。由此,孔子认为当时的天下的无道是不正常的,不会长久,天下最终必然归于有道。历史的事实告诉人们:诸侯、大夫、家臣执掌国政的传代数之所以递减,其原因就是执政方式不合“理”。由此,执政者就不能有效地教化民众、调节内部关系,因而政权的基础自然薄弱了。孔子向人们预示春秋时期历史演变的趋势。 |