《孟子》中英文版 第四编 《公孫丑下》(2)
《孟子》中英文版第四编 《公孫丑下》(2)
第二章贤才可拜不可召
孟子將朝王，王使人來曰：“寡人如就見者也，有寒疾，不可以風。朝將視朝，不識可使寡人得見乎？”對曰：“不幸而有疾，不能造朝。”
As Mencius was about to go to court to see the king, the king sent a person to him with this message: 'I was wishing to come and see you. But I have got a cold, and may not expose myself to the wind. In the morning I will hold my court. I do not know whether you will give me the opportunity of seeing you then.' Mencius replied, 'Unfortunately, I am unwell, and not able to go to the court.'
明日，出吊於東郭氏，公孫丑曰：“昔者辭以病，今日吊，或者不可乎！”曰：“昔者疾，今日愈，如之何不吊？”
Next day, he went out to pay a visit of condolence to some one of the Dong Guo family, when Gong Sun Chou said to him, 'Yesterday, you declined going to the court on the ground of being unwell, and to-day you are going to pay a visit of condolence. May this not be regarded as improper?' 'Yesterday,' said Mencius, 'I was unwell; to-day, I am better - why should I not pay this visit?'
王使人問疾，醫來。孟仲子對曰：“昔者有王命，有采薪之憂，不能造朝。今病小愈，趨造於朝，我不識能至否乎？”使數人要於路，曰：“請必無歸，而造於朝！”
In the mean time, the king sent a messenger to inquire about his sickness, and also a physician. Meng Zhong replied to them, 'Yesterday, when the king's order came, he was feeling a little unwell, and could not go to the court. To-day he was a little better, and hastened to go to court. I do not know whether he can have reached it by this time or not.' Having said this, he sent several men to look for Mencius on the way, and say to him, 'I beg that, before you return home, you will go to the court.'
不得已而之景丑氏宿焉。景子曰：“內則父子，外則君臣，人之大倫也。父子主恩，君臣主敬。丑見王之敬子也，未見所以敬王也。”
On this, Mencius felt himself compelled to go to Jing Chou's, and there stop the night. Mr. Jing said to him, 'In the family, there is the relation of father and son; abroad, there is the relation of prince and minister. These are the two great relations among men. Between father and son the ruling principle is kindness. Between prince and minister the ruling principle is respect. I have seen the respect of the king to you, Sir, but I have not seen in what way you show respect to him.'
曰：“惡！是何言也！齊人無以仁義與王言者，豈以仁義為不美也？其心曰‘是何足與言仁義也’云爾，則不敬莫大乎是。我非堯舜之道，不敢以陳於王前，故齊人莫如我敬王也。”
Mencius replied, 'Oh! what words are these? Among the people of Qi there is no one who speaks to the king about benevolence and righteousness. Are they thus silent because they do not think that benevolence and righteousness are admirable? No, but in their hearts they say, "This man is not fit to be spoken with about benevolence and righteousness." Thus they manifest a disrespect than which there can be none greater. I do not dare to set forth before the king any but the ways of Yao and Shun. There is therefore no man of Qi who respects the king so much as I do.'
景子曰：“否，非此之謂也。禮曰：‘父召，無諾；君命召，不俟駕。’固將朝也，聞王命而遂不果，宜與夫禮若不相似然。”
Mr. Jing said, 'Not so. That was not what I meant. In the Book of Rites it is said, "When a father calls, the answer must be without a moment's hesitation. When the prince's order calls, the carriage must not be waited for." You were certainly going to the court, but when you heard the king's order, then you did not carry your purpose out. This does seem as if it were not in accordance with that rule of propriety.'
曰：“豈謂是與？曾子曰：‘晉楚之富，不可及也。彼以其富，我以吾仁；彼以其爵，我以吾義，吾何慊乎哉？’夫豈不義而曾子言之？是或一道也。天下有達尊三：爵一，齒一，德一。朝廷莫如爵，鄉黨莫如齒，輔世長民莫如德。惡得有其一，以慢其二哉？故將大有為之君，必有所不召之臣。欲有謀焉，則就之。其尊德樂道，不如是不足與有為也。故湯之於伊尹，學焉而後臣之，故不勞而王；桓公之於管仲，學焉而後臣之，故不勞而霸。今天下地醜德齊，莫能相尚。無他，好臣其所教，而不好臣其所受教。湯之於伊尹，桓公之於管仲，則不敢召。管仲且猶不可召，而況不為管仲者乎？”
Mencius answered him, 'How can you give that meaning to my conduct? The philosopher Zeng said, "The wealth of Jin and Chu cannot be equalled. Let their rulers have their wealth - I have my benevolence. Let them have their nobility - I have my righteousness. Wherein should I be dissatisfied as inferior to them?" Now shall we say that these sentiments are not right? Seeing that the philosopher Zeng spoke them, there is in them, I apprehend, a real principle. In the kingdom there are three things universally acknowledged to be honourable. Nobility is one of them; age is one of them; virtue is one of them. In courts, nobility holds the first place of the three; in villages, age holds the first place; and for helping one's generation and presiding over the people, the other two are not equal to virtue. How can the possession of only one of these be presumed on to despise one who possesses the other two? Therefore a prince who is to accomplish great deeds will certainly have ministers whom he does not call to go to him. When he wishes to consult with them, he goes to them. The prince who does not honour the virtuous, and delight in their ways of doing, to this extent, is not worth having to do with. Accordingly, there was the behaviour of Tang to Yi Yin: he first learned of him, and then employed him as his minister; and so without difficulty he became sovereign. There was the behaviour of the duke Huan to Guan Zhong: he first learned of him, and then employed him as his minister; and so without difficulty he became chief of all the princes. Now throughout the kingdom, the territories of the princes are of equal extent, and in their achievements they are on a level. Not one of them is able to exceed the others. This is from no other reason, but that they love to make ministers of those whom they teach, and do not love to make ministers of those by whom they might be taught. So did Tang behave to Yi Yin, and the duke Huan to Guan Zhong, that they would not venture to call them to go to them. If Guan Zhong might not be called to him by his prince, how much less may he be called, who would not play the part of Guan Zhong!'
【原文】
孟子将朝王①，王使人来曰：“寡人如②就见者也，有寒疾，不可以风。朝，将视朝③，不识④可使寡人得见乎？”
对曰：“不幸而有疾，不能造⑤朝。”
明日，出吊于东郭氏（6）。公孙丑曰：“昔者辞以病，今日吊，或者不可乎？”
曰：“昔者疾，今日愈，如之何不吊？”
王使人问疾，医来。
孟仲子对曰：“昔者有王命，有采薪之忧（8），不能造朝。今病小愈，趋造于朝，我不识能至否乎。”
使数人要（9）于路，曰：“请必无归，而造于朝！”
不得已而之景丑氏（10）宿焉。
景子曰：“内则父子，外则君臣，人之大伦也。父子主恩，君臣主敬。丑见王之敬子也，未见所以敬王也。”
曰：“恶！是何言也！齐人无以仁义与王言者，岂以仁义为不美？其心曰：‘是何足与言仁义也’云尔，则不敬莫大乎是。我非尧舜之道，不敢以陈于王前，故齐人莫如我敬王也。”
景子曰：“否，非此之谓也。礼曰：‘父召无诺（11）；君命召不俟驾（12）。’固将朝也，闻王命而遂不果，宜（13）与夫礼若不相似然。”
曰：“岂谓是与？曾子曰：‘晋楚之富，不可及也；彼以其富，我以吾仁；彼以其爵，我以吾义，吾何慊（14）乎哉？’夫岂不义而曾子言之？是或一道也。天下有达尊三：爵一，齿一，德一。朝廷莫如爵，乡党莫如齿，辅世长民莫如德。恶得有其一以慢其二哉？故将大有为之君，必有所不召之臣；欲有谋焉，则就之。其尊德乐道，不如是，不足与有为也。故汤之于伊尹，学焉而后臣之，故不劳而王；桓公之于管仲，学焉而后臣之，故不劳而霸。今天下地醜（15）德齐，莫能相尚，无他．好臣其所教，而不好臣其所受教。汤之于伊尹，桓公之于管仲，则不敢召。管仲且犹不可召，而况不为管仲者乎？”
【注释】
①王：指齐王。
②如：宜，当，应当。
③朝，将视朝：第一个“朝”读zhao，即“清晨”的意思：第二个“朝”读Chao，意即“朝廷”，视朝即在朝廷处理政务。
④不识：不知。
⑤造；到，上。
（6）东郭氏：齐国的大夫。
（7）孟仲子：孟了的堂兄弟，跟随孟子学习。
（8）采薪之忧：本意是说有病不能去打柴，引申为自称生病的代词。薪，柴草．
（9）要（yao）：拦截。
(10)景丑氏：齐国的大夫。
(11)父召无诺《礼记·曲礼》：“父召无诺，先生召无诺，唯而起。”“唯”和“诺”都是表示应答，急时用“唯”，缓时用“诺”。父召无诺的意思是说，听到父亲叫，不等说“诺”就要起身。
（12）不俟驾：不等到车马备好就起身。
（13）宜：义同“殆”，大概，恐怕。
（14）慊（qian）：憾，少。
(15)醜（Chou）：类似，相近，同。
【译文】
孟子准备去朝见齐王，恰巧齐王派了个人来转达说：“我本应该来看您，但是感冒了，吹不得风。明早我将上朝处理政务，不知您能否来朝廷上，让我见到您？”
孟子回答说：“不幸得很，我也有病，不能上朝廷去。”
第二天，孟子要到东郭大夫家里去吊丧。公孙丑说：“昨天您托辞生病谢绝了齐王的召见，今天却又去东郭大夫家里吊丧，这或许不太好吧？”
孟子说：“昨天生病，今天好了，为什么不可以去吊丧呢？”
齐王打发人来问候孟子的病，并且带来了医生。孟仲子应付说：“昨天大王命令来时，他正生着病，不能上朝廷去。今天病刚好了一点，已经上朝廷去了，但我不知道他能否到达。”
孟仲子又立即派人到路上去拦孟子，转告孟子说：“请您无论如何不要回家，而赶快上朝廷去！”
孟子不得已而到景丑的家里去住宿。景丑说：“在家庭里有父子，在家庭外有君臣，这是人与人出问最重要的伦理关系。父子之间以慈恩为主，君臣之间以恭敬为主。我只看见齐王尊敬您，却没看见您尊敬齐王。”
孟子说：“哎！这是什么话！在齐国人中，没有一个与齐王谈论仁义的。难道是他们觉得仁义不好吗？不是。他们心里想的是：‘这样的王哪里配和他谈论仁义呢？，这才是他们对齐王最大的不恭敬．至于我，不是尧舜之道就不敢拿来向齐王陈述。所以，齐国人没有谁比我更对齐王恭敬了。”
景丑说：“不，我不是说的这个方面。礼经上说过，父亲召唤，不等到应‘诺’，‘唯’一声就起身；君王召唤，不等到车马备好就起身，可您呢，本来就谁备朝见齐王，听到齐王的召见却反而不去了，这似乎和礼经上所说的不大相合吧。”
孟子说：“原来你说的是这个呀！曾子说过：‘晋国和楚国的财富，没有人赶得上。不过，他有他的财富，我有我的仁；他有他的爵位，我有我的义。我有什么不如他的呢？’曾子说这些话难道没有道理吗？应该是有道理的罢。天下有三样最尊贵的东西：一样是爵位，一样是年龄，一样是德行。在朝廷上最尊贵的是爵位；在乡里最尊贵的是年龄；至于辅助君王治理百姓，最尊贵的是德行．他怎么能够凭爵位就来怠慢我的年龄和德行呢？所以，大有作为的君主一定有他不能召唤的大臣，如果他有什么事情需要出谋划策，就亲自去拜访他们。这就叫尊重德行喜爱仁道，不这样，就不能够做到大有作为。因此，商汤对于伊尹，先向伊尹学习，然后才以他为臣，于是不费大力气就统一了天下；桓公对于管仲，也是先向他学习，然后才以他为臣，于是不费大力气就称霸于诸侯。现在，天下各国的土地都差不多，君主的德行也都不相上下，相互之间谁也不能高出一筹，没有别的原因，就是因为君王们只喜欢用听他们的话的人为臣，而不喜欢用能够教导他们的人为臣。商汤对于伊尹，桓公对于管仲就不敢召唤。管仲尚且不可以被召唤，更何况连管仲都不屑于做的人呢？”
【读解】
这个连管仲都不屑于做的人就是孟子自己。因为在《公孙丑上》里，当公孙王提出管仲来和孟子相比时，孟子已经说过，自己根本不屑于与管仲相比。（参见3·1）比都不愿意比，当然就更不愿意做了。
可见孟子的自视是很高的。
自视既然这样高，当然就不愿意被呼来唤去的了。自己主动要去朝见是一回事，被召唤去朝见又是另一回事。所以，孟子才有为景丑等人所不理解的行为。这种行为，不仅孟子有，就是孔子也是有的。我们读本章，有些地方就与《论语·阳货》记录孔子虚与委蛇对付阳货的情况相似。说穿了，是因为凡是自视甚高的人都很注意自己的立身“出处”。这种做法，在民间的看法可就不一样了，说得好听一点是“清高”，说得不好听一点是“拿架子”，再说得难听一点那可就是“迂腐”而“酸溜溜”的了。或许正是因为这样，因为他们的“清高”（或“迂腐”）而不肯苟且，所以无论是孔子还是孟子周游列国都不被重用，空有满腹经纶和济世良方。相反，像苏秦、张仪那样的纵横家却完全没有孔、孟的“清高”（或“迂腐”），“展开谈天说地口，来说名利是非人”，只管游说得君王高兴，不择一切手段，结果却大行其道，甚至能够“挂六国相印”。
撇开对孔、孟与苏秦、张仪的比较不论，回到对用人一方面的要求来看，孟子在这里的意思是很明确的，就是要求当政治目的君王“尊贤使能”，“尊德乐道”，礼贤下士，主动放下自己尊贵的架子而启用贤才，甚至拜贤才为老师，就像商汤王对待伊尹，齐桓公对待管仲那样。其实，这也是儒学在用人问题上的基本观点。虽然孔、孟本人一生宣扬这种观点而自身并没有受到过这种待遇，但他们的思想却对后世的用人之道产生了极其深远的影响。刘玄德“三顾茅庐”请诸葛亮的故事，不就是这种影响最为典型的例证吗？
当然，有这种典型的例证并不意味着后世都在实施着孔、孟的观点。而是恰恰相反，人们越是津津乐道于“三顾茅庐”的故事，就越是说明现实中缺乏这种“礼贤下士”、“求贤若渴”的作风。事实上，孔、孟的思想永远都给我们以理想主义的感觉，他们所提出的一些思想观点，就是在两千多年后的今天，也仍然使人感到有很多理想的成分。或许，也正是因为有这种理想的成分吧，才使他们的理论历久而常新，给人以启迪而不过时，这已经是题外的话了。回到用人和被用的问题上来，既然当政者多半“好臣其所教，而不好臣其所受教”，既然任人唯贤、礼贤下士是如此困难，如此难遇，作为被用的人，有一点“不可召”的清高和骨气，不也是应该的吗？正如曾子所说：你有你的官位，我有我的正义，我又与你有什么关系的呢？
所以，我们还不能简单地认为孟子“不能造朝”是故作姿态，是迂腐，而应该肯定他的清高和骨气。不然的话，“亚圣”之名从何得来呢？
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