《孟子》中英文版
第六编 《滕文公下》(5)
第五章 得到百姓的拥护，从而无敌于天下
萬章問曰：“宋，小國也。今將行王政，齊楚惡而伐之，則如之何？”
Wan Zhang asked Mencius, saying, 'Sung is a small State. Its ruler is now setting about to practise the true royal government, and Qi and Chu hate and attack him. What in this case is to be done?'
孟子曰：“湯居亳，與葛為鄰，葛伯放而不祀。湯使人問之曰：‘何為不祀？’曰：‘無以供犧牲也。’湯使遺之牛羊。葛伯食之，又不以祀。湯又使人問之曰：‘何為不祀？’曰：‘無以供粢盛也。’湯使亳眾往為之耕，老弱饋食。葛伯率其民，要其有酒食黍稻者奪之，不授者殺之。有童子以黍肉餉，殺而奪之。《書》曰：‘葛伯仇餉。’此之謂也。為其殺是童子而征之，四海之內皆曰：‘非富天下也，為匹夫匹婦復讎也。’‘湯始征，自葛載’，十一征而無敵於天下。東面而征，西夷怨；南面而征，北狄怨，曰：‘奚為後我？’民之望之，若大旱之望雨也。歸市者弗止，芸者不變，誅其君，弔其民，如時雨降。民大悅。《書》曰：‘徯我后，后來其無罰。’‘有攸不惟臣，東征，綏厥士女，匪厥玄黃，紹我周王見休，惟臣附于大邑周。’其君子實玄黃于匪以迎其君子，其小人簞食壺漿以迎其小人，救民於水火之中，取其殘而已矣。《太誓》曰：‘我武惟揚，侵于之疆，則取于殘，殺伐用張，于湯有光。’不行王政云爾，苟行王政，四海之內皆舉首而望之，欲以為君。齊楚雖大，何畏焉？”
Mencius replied, 'When Tang dwelt in Bo, he adjoined to the State of Ge, the chief of which was living in a dissolute state and neglecting his proper sacrifices. Tang sent messengers to inquire why he did not sacrifice. He replied, "I have no means of supplying the necessary victims." On this, Tang caused oxen and sheep to be sent to him, but he ate them, and still continued not to sacrifice. Tang again sent messengers to ask him the same question as before, when he replied, "I have no means of obtaining the necessary millet." On this, Tang sent the mass of the people of Bo to go and till the ground for him, while the old and feeble carried their food to them. The chief of Ge led his people to intercept those who were thus charged with wine, cooked rice, millet, and paddy, and took their stores from them, while they killed those who refused to give them up. There was a boy who had some millet and flesh for the labourers, who was thus slain and robbed. What is said in the Book of History, "The chief of Ge behaved as an enemy to the provision-carriers," has reference to this. Because of his murder of this boy, Tang proceeded to punish him. All within the four seas said, "It is not because he desires the riches of the kingdom, but to avenge a common man and woman." When Tang began his work of executing justice, he commenced with Ge, and though he made eleven punitive expeditions, he had not an enemy in the kingdom. When he pursued his work in the east, the rude tribes in the west murmured. So did those on the north, when he was engaged in the south. Their cry was "Why does he make us last." Thus, the people's longing for him was like their longing for rain in a time of great drought. The frequenters of the markets stopped not. Those engaged in weeding in the fields made no change in their operations. While he punished their rulers, he consoled the people. His progress was like the falling of opportune rain, and the people were delighted. It is said in the Book of History, "We have waited for our prince. When our prince comes, we may escape from the punishments under which we suffer." There being some who would not become the subjects of Zhou, king Wu proceeded to punish them on the east. He gave tranquillity to their people, who welcomed him with baskets full of their black and yellow silks, saying "From henceforth we shall serve the sovereign of our dynasty of Zhou, that we may be made happy by him." So they joined themselves, as subjects, to the great city of Zhou. Thus, the men of station of Shang took baskets full of black and yellow silks to meet the men of station of Zhou, and the lower classes of the one met those of the other with baskets of rice and vessels of congee. Wu saved the people from the midst of fire and water, seizing only their oppressors, and destroying them.' In the Great Declaration it is said, "My power shall be put forth, and, invading the territories of Shang, I will seize the oppressor. I will put him to death to punish him - so shall the greatness of my work appear, more glorious than that of Tang." Song is not, as you say, practising true royal government, and so forth. If it were practising royal government, all within the four seas would be lifting up their heads, and looking for its prince, wishing to have him for their sovereign. Great as Qi and Chu are, what would there be to fear from them?'
【原文】
万章1问曰：“宋，小国也，今将行王政；齐、楚恶而伐之，则如之何？”
孟子曰：“汤居亳2，与葛3为邻。葛伯放而不祀，汤使人问之曰：‘何为不祀？’曰：‘无以供牺牲也。’汤使遗之牛羊，葛伯食之，又不以祀。汤又使人问之曰：‘何为不祀？’曰：‘无以供粢盛也。’汤使亳众往为之耕，老弱馈食；葛伯率其民，要其有酒食黍稻者夺之，不授者杀之；有童子以黍肉饷。杀而夺之。《书》曰：‘葛伯仇饷。’此之谓也。为其杀是童子而征之；四海之内，皆曰：‘非富天下也，为匹夫匹妇复雠也。’汤始征，自葛载；十一征而无敌於天下。东面而征，西夷怨，南面而征，北狄怨，曰：‘奚为後我？’民之望之，若大旱之望雨也；归市者弗止，芸者不变；诛其君，吊其民，如时雨降，民大悦。《书》曰：‘傒4我后，后来其无罚。’‘有攸不为臣，东征，绥厥士女，篚5厥玄黄，绍我周王见休，惟臣附於大邑周。’其君子实玄黄於篚以迎其君子，其小人箪食壶浆以迎其小人。救民於水火之中，取其残而已矣。《太誓》6曰：‘我武惟扬，侵于之疆，则取于残，杀伐用张，于汤有光。’不行王政云尔，苟行王政，四海之内，皆举首而望之，欲以为君；齐、楚虽大，何畏焉。”
【注释】
1.万章：孟子的学生。
2.毫：地名，商汤的都城，在今河南商丘。《孟子·万章上》：“以听伊尹之训己也，复归于亳。”
3.葛：古国名。
4.傒：（xi西）同“徯”。《书·仲虺之诰》：“徯予后。”《虞书》：“惟动丕应徯志。”《孟子·梁惠王下》：“徯我后。”《说文》：“徯，待也。”这里用为等待之意。
5.篚：（fei匪）《书·禹贡》：“厥贡漆丝，厥篚织文。”《书·武成》：“篚厥玄黄，昭我周王。”《仪礼·士冠礼》：“洗有篚。”《仪礼·燕礼》：“设膳篚。”《仪礼·士虞礼》：“受肺脊实于篚。”本义为圆形的盛物竹器，这里当动词用，即装进筐子之意。
6.太誓：即《泰誓》，系《尚书》中的一篇，据传是周武王伐商时的讲话。
【译文】
万章问：“宋国是个小国，现在想推行王政，齐国、楚国却讨厌它而讨伐它，应该怎么办呢？”
孟子说：“成汤居住在毫地，与葛国相邻，葛伯放纵无道，不祭祀先祖。汤派人询问他：‘为什么不祭祀？’葛伯说：‘没有做祭祀用的牲畜。’汤派人送给他们牛羊，葛伯把牛羊吃了，还是不祭祀。汤又派人询问他：‘为什么不祭祀？’葛伯说：‘没有谷物来做祭品。’汤派毫地的民众去为他们耕田，让老年人和小孩送饭。葛伯带领着他的民众拦住那些带着酒食米饭的人抢夺，不肯给的就杀死。有个小孩带着米饭和肉，遭到杀害而被抢走了食物。《尚书》上说：‘葛伯与送饭者为仇。’就是指这件事。成汤因为葛伯杀死了这个小孩子而去征讨葛国，天下的老百姓都说：‘这不是贪图天下的财富，这是为平民百姓复仇。’成汤的征讨，从葛国开始，先后征伐十一次而无敌于天下。他向东征讨，西边的夷族人便埋怨；向南征讨，北方的狄族人便埋怨，都说：‘为什么把我们放在后面呢？’老百姓盼望他，就像大旱时候盼望雨水一样。所到之处，赶集的不停止买卖，种田的不停止耕耘，商汤讨伐暴君，慰问他们的老百姓，像及时雨从天而降，老百姓非常喜欢。《尚书》上说：‘等待我们的君王，他来了我们就不受罪了。’‘有攸国助纣为虐不臣服，周王向东征讨，安抚那里的士民妇女，他们用筐装着黑色和黄色的丝帛，以事奉我们周王为荣，最后他们臣服了大邦周室。’那儿的官吏带着用筐装着的丝绸来迎接周的官吏，那儿的老百姓用筐装着饭食，用壶盛着饮水来迎接周的士兵。把老百姓从水深火热中拯救出来，就是要去掉残暴的君主。《泰誓》上说：‘我们的武力要发扬，攻入他们的国土，除掉那残暴的君主，用杀伐来彰明正义，比成汤的功业更辉煌。’只怕宋君不推行王政，如果真能推行王政，普天之下民众都会抬头盼望，要拥护这样的人来做君主；齐国、楚国虽然强大，又有什么可怕的呢？”
【解说】
宋国是一弱小国家，四周围绕着虎视眈眈的大国，推行王政就意味着削减兵力，因此孟子举了成汤以及周国由小做大的例子，用来说明只要统治者采取最佳行为方式而爱民，就会得到人民百姓的拥护，从而无敌于天下的道理。这就是推行王政的价值！作为个人也是这样，只要你善于团结和帮助你周围的人，“富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能屈。”那么你就能得到人们的拥戴以及帮助，能够得到很多人的帮助，你还有什么可怕的呢？在《论语》中，孔子多次提到过“勇者不惧”，就是这个意思。 |
