《孟子》中英文版
第六编 《滕文公下》(1)
《滕文公下 - Teng Wen Gong II》（共十章）
滕文公下
本篇以论立身处世的“出处”、气节等为主，很富有哲理性，当然也仍然离不开政治。全篇原文共10章。
第一章 枉己者，未有能直人者也
陳代曰：“不見諸侯，宜若小然；今一見之，大則以王，小則以霸。且志曰：‘枉尺而直尋’，宜若可為也。”
Chen Dai said to Mencius, 'In not going to wait upon any of the princes, you seem to me to be standing on a small point. If now you were once to wait upon them, the result might be so great that you would make one of them sovereign, or, if smaller, that you would make one of them chief of all the other princes. Moreover, the History says, "By bending only one cubit, you make eight cubits straight." It appears to me like a thing which might be done.'
孟子曰：“昔齊景公田，招虞人以旌，不至，將殺之。志士不忘在溝壑，勇士不忘喪其元。孔子奚取焉？取非其招不往也，如不待其招而往，何哉？且夫枉尺而直尋者，以利言也。如以利，則枉尋直尺而利，亦可為與？昔者趙簡子使王良與嬖奚乘，終日而不獲一禽。嬖奚反命曰：‘天下之賤工也。’或以告王良。良曰：‘請復之。’彊而後可，一朝而獲十禽。嬖奚反命曰：‘天下之良工也。’簡子曰：‘我使掌與女乘。’謂王良。良不可，曰：‘吾為之範我馳驅，終日不獲一；為之詭遇，一朝而獲十。《詩》云：“不失其馳，舍矢如破。”我不貫與小人乘，請辭。’御者且羞與射者比。比而得禽獸，雖若丘陵，弗為也。如枉道而從彼，何也？且子過矣，枉己者，未有能直人者也。”
Mencius said, 'Formerly, the duke Jing of Qi, once when he was hunting, called his forester to him by a flag. The forester would not come, and the duke was going to kill him. With reference to this incident, Confucius said, "The determined officer never forgets that his end may be in a ditch or a stream; the brave officer never forgets that he may lose his head." What was it in the forester that Confucius thus approved? He approved his not going to the duke, when summoned by the article which was not appropriate to him. If one go to see the princes without waiting to be invited, what can be thought of him? Moreover, that sentence, "By bending only one cubit, you make eight cubits straight," is spoken with reference to the gain that may be got. If gain be the object, then, if it can be got by bending eight cubits to make one cubit straight, may we likewise do that? Formerly, the officer Zhao Jian made Wang Liang act as charioteer for his favourite Xi, when, in the course of a whole day, they did not get a single bird. The favourite Xi reported this result, saying, "He is the poorest charioteer in the world." Some one told this to Wang Liang, who said, "I beg leave to try again." By dint of pressing, this was accorded to him, when in one morning they got ten birds. The favourite, reporting this result, said, "He is the best charioteer in the world." Jian said, "I will make him always drive your chariot for you." When he told Wang Liang so, however, Liang refused, saying, "I drove for him, strictly observing the proper rules for driving, and in the whole day he did not get one bird. I drove for him so as deceitfully to intercept the birds, and in one morning he got ten. It is said in the Book of Poetry, 'There is no failure in the management of their horses; The arrows are discharged surely, like the blows of an axe.' I am not accustomed to drive for a mean man. I beg leave to decline the office." Thus this charioteer even was ashamed to bend improperly to the will of such an archer. Though, by bending to it, they would have caught birds and animals sufficient to form a hill, he would not do so. If I were to bend my principles and follow those princes, of what kind would my conduct be? And you are wrong. Never has a man who has bent himself been able to make others straight.'
【原文】
陈代①曰：“不见诸侯，宜若小然；今一见之，大则以王，小则以霸。且《志》曰：‘枉尺而直寻②’，宜若可为也。”
孟子曰：“昔齐景公田③，招虞人以旌④，不至，将杀之。志士不忘⑤在沟壑，勇士不忘丧其元（6）。孔子奚取焉？取非其招不往也．如不待其招而往，何哉？且夫枉尺而直寻者，以利言也。如以利，则枉寻直尺而利，亦可为与？昔者赵简子（7）使王良（8）与劈奚（9）乘，终日而不获一禽。嬖奚反命（10）曰：‘天下之贱工也。’或以告王良。良曰：‘请复之。’强而后可，一朝而获十禽。嬖奚反命曰：‘天下之良工也。’简子曰：‘我使掌与女乘。’谓王良。良不可，曰：‘吾为之范我驰驱（11），终日不获一；为之诡遇（12），一朝而获十。诗云：“不失其驰，舍矢如破（13）。”我不贯（14）小人乘，请辞。’御者且羞与射者比（15）；比而得禽兽，虽若丘陵，弗为也。如枉道而从被，何也？且子过矣：枉己者，未有能直人者也。”
【注释】
①陈代：孟子的学生。
②枉：屈。寻：八尺为一寻。
③田：打猎。
④招虞人以旌：虞人，守猎场的小官。古代君王有所召唤，一定要有相应的标志，旌旗是召唤大夫的，弓是召唤士的，若是召唤虞人，只能用皮冠．所以这个虞人不理睬齐景公用旗旗的召唤。《左传·昭公二十年》曾经载过这一件事，孔子并对这个虞人有所称赞，所以下文孟子说到“孔子奚取焉”．
⑤不忘：不忘本来是常常想到的意思，虽然常常想到自己“在沟壑”和“丧其元”的结局，但并不因此而贪生怕死。所以，这里的“不忘”也可以直接理解为“不怕”。
（6）元：首，脑袋。
（7）赵筒子：名鞍，晋国大夫。
（8）王良：春秋末年著名的善于驾车的人。
（9）嬖奚：一个名叫奚的受宠的小臣。
（10）反命：复命。反同“返”。
（11）范我驰驱：使我的驱驰规范。“范”在这里作动词，使……规范。
（12）诡遇：不按规范驾车。
（13）不失其驰，舍矢如破：引自《诗经·小雅·车攻》。意为按规范驾车，箭放出就能射中目标。
（14）贯：同“惯”，习惯。
（15）比：合作。
【译文】
陈代说：“不去拜见诸侯，似乎只是拘泥于小节吧。如今一去拜见诸侯，大则可以实施仁政，使天下归服；小则可以称霸诸侯。况且《志》书上说：‘弯曲着一尺长，伸展开来八尺长。’似乎是可以这样以屈求伸的罢。”
孟子说：“从前齐景公打猎，用族旗召唤猎场的管理员，那管理员因为他召唤的方式不对而不予理睬。齐景公想杀了他，他却一点也不怕。因而受到孔子的称赞。所以，有志之士不怕弃尸山沟，勇敢的人不怕丢掉脑袋。孔子认为那猎场管理员哪一点可取呢？就是取他因召唤不当就不去的精神。如果我不等到诸侯的召唤就自己上门去，是为了什么呢？况且，所谓弯曲着一尺长，伸展开来八尺长的说法，是从利益的角度来考虑问题的。如果从利益的角度来考虑问题，就是弯曲着八尺长，伸展开一尺，那也是有利益的啊，难道也可以干吗？从前赵简子命令王良为他所宠爱的小臣名叫奚的驾车去打猎，整整一天没有打着一只猎物。那奚回去后向赵简子报告说：‘王良真是天下最不会驾车的人了！’有人把这话告诉了王良。王良便对奚说：‘请让我再为您驾一次车。’奚勉强同意了，结果一个清晨就打了十只猎物。奚回去后又向赵简子报告说：‘王良真是天下最会驾车的人啊！’赵简子说：‘我让他专门为你驾车吧。’当赵简子征求王良的意见时，王良却不肯干了。他说：‘我按规范为他驾车，他一整天都打不到一只猎物；我不按规范为他驾车，他却一个清晨就打了十只猎物。《诗经》说：“按照规范驾车去，箭一放出就中的。”我不习惯为他这样的小人驾车，请您让我辞去这个差事。’驾车的人尚且羞于与不好的射手合作，即便合作可以打到堆集如山的猎物也不干。如果我现在却扭曲自己去追随那些诸侯，那又是为了什么呢？况且，你的看法是错误的：扭曲自己，是不可能让别人正直的。”
【读解】
陈代为孟子所出的是一个以屈求伸的主意。“枉尺而直寻”，先弯曲自己，哪怕显得只有一尺长，有朝一日实现抱负，伸展开来，就可以有八尺长了。
陈代所说的，其实正是苏秦、张仪等纵横家的做法。先顺着诸侯们的味口来，然后再慢慢实施自己的思想主张。说穿了，有一点机会主义的味道。所以，孟子坚决不同意，而以“志士不忘在沟壑，勇士不忘丧其元”的方正刚直为行为主张．
同时以齐景公时的猎场管理员和赵简子时的优秀驾驶员王良为范例，说明了君子在立身出处上不能苟且，不能搞机会主义的道理。最后指出，机会主义的路其实也是走不通的，因为，“枉己者，未有能直人者也。”把自己弄得弯曲起来，扭曲了人格，怎么还可能去让别人正直呢？这就又回到他的前辈孔子的说法去了：“不能正其身，如正人何？”（《论语·子路》）自己不能够正直，怎么可能去让别人正直呢？
内容大同小异，没有多大区别。只不过孟子的出发点是反对投机取巧的机会主义。
从这里我们可以看到，虽然孔、孟都很倡导通权达变的思想，但在立身处世的出处方面，却是非常认真而不可苟且的。因为，对他们来说，这是一个原则问题。
或许正是因为坚持这个原则而影响了他们的学说为当世所用，使他们在世的时候没有能够“大行其道”。但从另一方面来说，也许正因为他们坚持了这个原则，才使他们的学说在身后流传下去，历千年而不衰，使他们本身也成为圣人、亚圣人。
对于现代人来说，由于社会分工的愈益精细，职业的愈益分化，立身处世的“出处”问题似乎已不那么突出了。但面临择业，面临进退，面临铺天盖地的招聘广告和所谓“双向选择”，是否还是有必要考虑考虑自己的“出处”问题呢？ |
