《孟子》中英文版
第七编 《离娄上》(9)
第九章 为渊驱鱼,为丛驱雀
孟子曰:“桀紂之失天下也,失其民也;失其民者,失其心也。得天下有道:得其民,斯得天下矣;得其民有道:得其心,斯得民矣;得其心有道:所欲與之聚之,所惡勿施爾也。民之歸仁也,猶水之就下、獸之走壙也。故為淵敺魚者,獺也;為叢敺爵者,鸇也;為湯武敺民者,桀與紂也。今天下之君有好仁者,則諸侯皆為之敺矣。雖欲無王,不可得已。今之欲王者,猶七年之病求三年之艾也。苟為不畜,終身不得。苟不志於仁,終身憂辱,以陷於死亡。《詩》云‘其何能淑,載胥及溺’,此之謂也。”
Mencius said, 'Jie and Zhou's losing the throne, arose from their losing the people, and to lose the people means to lose their hearts. There is a way to get the kingdom: get the people, and the kingdom is got. There is a way to get the people: get their hearts, and the people are got. There is a way to get their hearts: it is simply to collect for them what they like, and not to lay on them what they dislike. The people turn to a benevolent rule as water flows downwards, and as wild beasts fly to the wilderness. Accordingly, as the otter aids the deep waters, driving the fish into them, and the hawk aids the thickets, driving the little birds to them, so Jie and Zhou aided Tang and Wu, driving the people to them. If among the present rulers of the kingdom, there were one who loved benevolence, all the other princes would aid him, by driving the people to him. Although he wished not to become sovereign, he could not avoid becoming so. The case of one of the present princes wishing to become sovereign is like the having to seek for mugwort three years old, to cure a seven years' sickness. If it have not been kept in store, the patient may all his life not get it. If the princes do not set their wills on benevolence, all their days will be in sorrow and disgrace, and they will be involved in death and ruin. This is illustrated by what is said in the Book of Poetry, "How otherwise can you improve the kingdom? You will only with it go to ruin."'
【原文】
孟子曰:“桀纣之失天下也,失其民也;失其民者,失其心也。得天下有道:得其民,斯得天下矣;得其民有道:得其心,斯得民矣;得其心有道:所欲与之聚之,所恶勿施,尔也①。民之归仁也,犹水之就下、兽之走圹②也。故为渊驱鱼者,獭也;为丛驱爵③者,鹯④也;为汤武驱民者,桀与纣也。今天下之君有好亡者,则诸侯皆为之驱矣。虽欲无王,不可得已。今之欲王者,犹七年之病求三年之艾⑤也。苟为不畜,终身不得。苟不志于仁,终身忧辱,以陷于死亡。《诗》云:‘其何能淑,载胥及溺(6)。’此之谓也。”
【注解】
①尔也:如此罢了。
②圹:同“旷”,旷野。
③爵:同“雀”.
④鹯(zhan):一种像鹞鹰的猛禽。
⑤艾:即陈艾,常用于灸病,存放时间越久,疗效越好。
(6)其何能淑,载胥及溺:引自《诗经·大雅·桑柔》。淑,善,好;载,句首语助词,无义;胥,相;及,与;溺,落水.
【译文】
孟子说:“桀和纣之所以失去天下,是因为失去了老百姓的支持;之所以失去老百姓的支持,是因为失去了民心。获得天下有办法:获得老百姓的支持,便可以获得天下;获得老百姓的支持有办法:获得民心,便可以获得老百姓的支持;获得民心也有办法:他们所希望的,就满足他们,他们所厌恶的,就不强加在他们身上。如此罢了。老百姓归服仁德,就像水往低处流,兽向旷野跑一样。所以,替深池把鱼赶来的是吃鱼的水獭;替森林把乌雀赶来的是吃鸟雀的鹞鹰;替商汤王、周武王把老百姓赶来的是残害老百姓的夏英和殷纣王。当今之世,如果有哪位诸侯喜好仁德,那么,其他诸侯都会替他把老百姓赶来。就是他不想统一天下,也会身不由己了。现在那些希望统一天下的人,就像害了七年的病需要用三年以上的陈艾来治疗一样,如果平常不栽培积蓄,终身都得不到。同样的道理,如果平常不立志行仁,终身都会忧患受辱,一直到陷入死亡的深渊。《诗经》说:‘那如何做得好,不过是相率落水罢了。’正是说的这个意思。”
【读解】
一个是民心问题,一个是仁政问题。二者密切相关,相辅相成。
民心问题反映的是民本主义思想,得民心者得天下,失民心者失天下。当然,还没有上升到“人民,只有人民,才是创造世界历史的动力”(毛.泽.东)的高度。
仁政得民心,不仁则失民心。为渊驱鱼,为丛驱雀。坏人在无意中帮助了好人,恶成了促进历史前进的动力。这里面所蕴含的,正是善与恶的历史辩证法。
小而言之,就是地区与地区之间,单位与单位之间,商家与商家之间,也同样存在着这种“为渊驱鱼,为丛驱雀”的现象。比如说人才“跳槽”,往往是由于原单位的领导人失去了人才的信赖之心而发生,这等于是这个单位的领导人主动把自己的人才驱赶到另外的单位去。又比如说商家竞争,如果哪一个商家销售假冒伪劣品,抬高物价,服务态度又恶劣的话,等于是把顾客驱赶到别的商家去,无意之中帮了自己竞争对手的忙。这里的道理是非常简单的。只不过在实际生活与工作中,我们往往不知不觉地做了这种“为渊驱鱼,为丛驱雀”的蠢事还没有意识到罢了。如此说来,倒是有必要反省反省,看看我们自己是否做了那“为渊驱鱼”的水獭或是“为丛驱雀”的鹞鹰。当然是但愿没有的好了。 |