《孟子》中英文版
第九编 《万章上》(3)
第三章 用仁心对待兄弟与百姓
萬章問曰：“象日以殺舜為事，立為天子，則放之，何也？”
Wan Zhang said, 'Xiang made it his daily business to slay Shun. When Shun was made sovereign, how was it that he only banished him?'
孟子曰：“封之也，或曰放焉。”
Mencius said, 'He raised him to be a prince. Some supposed that it was banishing him?'
萬章曰：“舜流共工于幽州，放驩兜于崇山，殺三苗于三危，殛鯀于羽山，四罪而天下咸服，誅不仁也。象至不仁，封之有庳。有庳之人奚罪焉？仁人固如是乎？在他人則誅之，在弟則封之。”
Wan Zhang said, 'Shun banished the superintendent of works to You Zhou; he sent away Huan Dou to the mountain Chong; he slew the prince of San Miao in San Wei; and he imprisoned Gun on the mountain Yu. When the crimes of those four were thus punished, the whole kingdom acquiesced - it was a cutting off of men who were destitute of benevolence. But Xiang was of all men the most destitute of benevolence, and Shun raised him to be the prince of You Bei - of what crimes had the people of You Bei been guilty? Does a benevolent man really act thus? In the case of other men, he cut them off; in the case of his brother, he raised him to be a prince.'
曰：“仁人之於弟也，不藏怒焉，不宿怨焉，親愛之而已矣。親之欲其貴也，愛之欲其富也。封之有庳，富貴之也。身為天子，弟為匹夫，可謂親愛之乎？”
Mencius replied, 'A benevolent man does not lay up anger, nor cherish resentment against his brother, but only regards him with affection and love. Regarding him with affection, he wishes him to be honourable: regarding him with love, he wishes him to be rich. The appointment of Xiang to be the prince of You Bei was to enrich and ennoble him. If while Shun himself was sovereign, his brother had been a common man, could he have been said to regard him with affection and love?'
“敢問或曰放者，何謂也？”
Wan Zhang said, 'I venture to ask what you mean by saying that some supposed that it was a banishing of Xiang?'
曰：“象不得有為於其國，天子使吏治其國，而納其貢稅焉，故謂之放，豈得暴彼民哉？雖然，欲常常而見之，故源源而來。‘不及貢，以政接于有庳’，此之謂也。”
Mencius replied, 'Xiang could do nothing in his State. The Son of Heaven appointed an officer to administer its government, and to pay over its revenues to him. This treatment of him led to its being said that he was banished. How indeed could he be allowed the means of oppressing the people? Nevertheless, Shun wished to be continually seeing him, and by this arrangement, he came incessantly to court, as is signified in that expression: "He did not wait for the rendering of tribute, or affairs of government, to receive the prince of You Bei.’
【原文】
万章问曰：“象日以杀舜为事，立为天子则放之，何也？”
孟子曰：“封之也。或曰，放焉。”
万章曰：“舜流共工1于幽州2，放驩兜3于崇山4，杀三苗5于三危6，殛鲧7於羽山：四罪而天下咸服，诛不仁也。象至不仁，封之有庳8，有庳之人奚罪焉？仁人固如是乎：在他人则诛之。在弟则封之？”
曰：“仁人之於弟也，不藏怒焉，不宿怨焉，亲爱之而已矣。亲之，欲其贵也，爱之，欲其富也；封之有庳，富贵之也，身为天子，弟为匹夫：可谓亲爱之乎？”
“敢问或曰放者，何谓也？”
曰：“象不得有为於其国，天子使吏治其国而纳其贡税焉。故谓之放。岂得暴彼民哉！虽然，欲常常而见之，故源源而来。‘不及贡，以政接于有庳。’此之谓也。”
【注释】
1.共工：古史传说人物。共工本为其官名。
2.幽州：地名，在今北京密云县东北部。
3.驩兜：人名。与共工互相勾结，结成死党。
4.崇山：地名，在今湖北崇阳县南部。
5.三苗：古代国名，顽固不服舜的统治，舜因而杀其首领。
6.三危：地名，在今甘肃敦煌县东南部。
7.鲧：（gun滚）古人名，夏禹的父亲。《史记》：“禹之父曰鲧。”相传他因治水无功而获罪被杀。
8.有庳（bi币）：地名，旧说在今河南道县之北。
【译文】
万章问：“象每天把杀害舜作为事务，舜被拥立为天子后只是将他流放，这是为什么呢？”
孟子说：“这是封他为诸侯，有人说，是流放。”
万章说：“舜流放共工到幽州，发配驩兜到崇山，驱赶三苗到三危，诛杀鲧于羽山。惩处这四个罪犯而天下归服，这是惩办不仁者。象是个很不仁的人，然而却封到有庳。有庳的人民难道有罪吗？仁人难道是这样：对外人严加惩处，对弟弟则封赏国土？”
孟子说：“仁人对于弟弟，不隐藏心中的愤怒，也不留下怨恨，只是亲他爱他而已。亲近他，是想要他尊贵；爱护他，是想要他富裕。封他到有庳国，正是要使他尊贵和富裕。本身是天子，弟弟却是平民，能够称之为亲近和爱护吗？”
万章说：“那又冒昧地请问，有人说这是流放，这是什么意思呢？”
孟子说：“虽然把象封在有庳，但象不能够直接管理国家，舜派官员管理国家而把收的税给象使用，所以称之为流放。怎么能让他残暴地对待老百姓呢？虽然如此，如果想经常见面，所以他们之间常互相往来。所谓‘不一定要等到朝贡，就因政务需要而加强与有庳国的联系。’说的就是这件事。”
【解说】
这是万章没有弄懂犯罪犯法和残暴之间的关系，舜的弟弟象虽然心性残暴，几次欲谋害舜，但毕竟没有造成杀人事实，因而不能给他定罪。所以舜采取最佳行为方式，只是让他到偏僻的有庳国去当一个名誉上的诸侯，而没有实际权力。如果说，自己的弟弟因为没有杀人事实却定罪，那么对待外人呢？岂不是要乱杀了吗？这里面其实并没有亲疏之分，而只有事实、证据之分。再说，如果连自己的弟弟都不能容忍，不能建立相互亲爱的关系，那么对待外人就更不能建立起相互亲爱的关系了。这也是孔子、曾子所说的“修身齐家治国平天下”的道理。 |
