仙仙 发表于 2013-4-30 10:02:44

《孟子》中英文版 第十编 《万章下》(9)

《孟子》中英文版
第十编 《万章下》(9)

第九章 劝君不听怎么办?

齊宣王問卿。孟子曰:“王何卿之問也?”
   The king Xuan of Qi asked about the office of high ministers. Mencius said, 'Which high ministers is your Majesty asking about?'
   
王曰:“卿不同乎?”
'Are there differences among them?' inquired the king.
   
曰:“不同。有貴戚之卿,有異姓之卿。”
'There are' was the reply. 'There are the high ministers who are noble and relatives of the prince, and there are those who are of a different surname.'
   
王曰:“請問貴戚之卿。”
The king said, 'I beg to ask about the high ministers who are noble and relatives of the prince.'
   
曰:“君有大過則諫,反覆之而不聽,則易位。”
Mencius answered, 'If the prince have great faults, they ought to remonstrate with him, and if he do not listen to them after they have done so again and again, they ought to dethrone him.'
   
王勃然變乎色。曰:“王勿異也。王問臣,臣不敢不以正對。”
The king on this looked moved, and changed countenance. Mencius said, 'Let not your Majesty be offended. You asked me, and I dare not answer but according to truth.'
   
王色定,然後請問異姓之卿。曰:“君有過則諫,反覆之而不聽,則去。”
The king's countenance became composed, and he then begged to ask about high ministers who were of a different surname from the prince. Mencius said, 'When the prince has faults, they ought to remonstrate with him; and if he do not listen to them after they have done this again and again, they ought to leave the State.'
   
  【原文】

  齐宣王问卿。孟子曰:“王何卿之间也?”王曰:“卿不同乎?”曰:“不同,有贵戚之卿①,有异姓之卿。”王曰:“请问贵戚之卿。”曰:“君有大过则谏;反复之而不听,则易位。”王勃然变乎色。曰:“王勿异也。王问臣,臣不敢不以正②对。”王色定,然后请问异姓之卿曰:‘君有过则谏,反复之而不听,则去。”

  【注释】

①贵戚之卿:指与君王同宗族的卿大夫。
②正:诚。

  【译文】

  齐宣王问有关卿大夫的事。孟子说:“大王问的是哪一类的卿大夫呢?”
  齐宣王说:“卿大夫还有所不同吗?”
  孟子说:“不同。有王一室宗族的卿大夫,有异姓的卿大夫。”
  宣王说:“那我请问王室宗族的卿大夫。”
  孟子说:“君王有重大过错,他们便加以劝阻;反复劝阻了还不听从,他们便改立君王。”
  宣王突然变了脸色。
  孟子说:“大王不要怪我这样说。您问我,我不敢不用老实话来回答。”
  宣王脸色正常了,然后又问非王族的异姓卿大夫。
  孟子说:“君王有过错,他们便加以劝阻;反复劝阻了还不听从,他们便辞职而去。”

  【读解】

  弘扬大臣的职责和权力而限制君主权力无限地膨胀,这也是孟子仁政思想的内容之一,体现出一定程度的民主政治色彩。
  王室宗族的卿大夫因为与国君有亲缘关系,国君的祖先也就是他的祖先,所以既不能离去,又不能坐视政权覆亡,当国君有重大错误又不听劝谏时,就可以另立新君。孟子在这里是弘扬宗族大臣的权力而限制君主个人的权力,从理论上说是正确的。但我们知道,这种另立新君,在实践上往往酿成的,就是宫廷内乱.所谓“祸起萧墙之内”,弄得不好,还会引起旷日持久的战争。
  对异姓卿大夫来说,问题就要简单得多了,他们既没有王室宗族卿大夫那么大的权力,也没有那么大的职责。所以,能劝谏就劝谏,不能劝谏就辞职而去,各走一方罢了。其实,这也是孔子“所谓大臣者,以道事君,不可则止”(《论语·先进》)的意思。
  总起来说,孔、孟都提倡臣有臣道,臣有臣的气节和人格,反对愚忠,反对一味顺从,这的确是有积极意义的。
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