仙仙 发表于 2013-4-30 10:02:19

《孟子》中英文版 第十一编 《告子上》(6)

《孟子》中英文版
第十一编 《告子上》(6)

第六章 恻隐之心,人皆有之

公都子曰:“告子曰:‘性無善無不善也。’或曰:‘性可以為善,可以為不善;是故文武興,則民好善;幽厲興,則民好暴。’或曰:‘有性善,有性不善;是故以堯為君而有象,以瞽瞍為父而有舜;以紂為兄之子且以為君,而有微子啟、王子比干。’今曰‘性善’,然則彼皆非與?”
   The disciple Gong Du said, 'The philosopher Gao says, "Man's nature is neither good nor bad." Some say, "Man's nature may be made to practise good, and it may be made to practise evil, and accordingly, under Wen and Wu, the people loved what was good, while under Yu and Li, they loved what was cruel." Some say, "The nature of some is good, and the nature of others is bad. Hence it was that under such a sovereign as Yao there yet appeared Xiang; that with such a father as Gu Sou there yet appeared Shun; and that with Zhou for their sovereign, and the son of their elder brother besides, there were found Qi, the viscount of Wei, and the prince Bi Gan. And now you say, "The nature is good." Then are all those wrong?'
   
孟子曰:“乃若其情,則可以為善矣,乃所謂善也。若夫為不善,非才之罪也。惻隱之心,人皆有之;羞惡之心,人皆有之;恭敬之心,人皆有之;是非之心,人皆有之。惻隱之心,仁也;羞惡之心,義也;恭敬之心,禮也;是非之心,智也。仁義禮智,非由外鑠我也,我固有之也,弗思耳矣。故曰:‘求則得之,舍則失之。’或相倍蓰而無算者,不能盡其才者也。《詩》曰:‘天生蒸民,有物有則。民之秉夷,好是懿德。’孔子曰:‘為此詩者,其知道乎!故有物必有則,民之秉夷也,故好是懿德。’”
Mencius said, 'From the feelings proper to it, it is constituted for the practice of what is good. This is what I mean in saying that the nature is good. If men do what is not good, the blame cannot be imputed to their natural powers. The feeling of commiseration belongs to all men; so does that of shame and dislike; and that of reverence and respect; and that of approving and disapproving. The feeling of commiseration implies the principle of benevolence; that of shame and dislike, the principle of righteousness; that of reverence and respect, the principle of propriety; and that of approving and disapproving, the principle of knowledge. Benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and knowledge are not infused into us from without. We are certainly furnished with them. And a different view is simply owing to want of reflection. Hence it is said, "Seek and you will find them. Neglect and you will lose them." Men differ from one another in regard to them - some as much again as others, some five times as much, and some to an incalculable amount - it is because they cannot carry out fully their natural powers. It is said in the Book of Poetry, "Heaven in producing mankind, Gave them their various faculties and relations with their specific laws. These are the invariable rules of nature for all to hold, And all love this admirable virtue." Confucius said, "The maker of this ode knew indeed the principle of our nature!" We may thus see that every faculty and relation must have its law, and since there are invariable rules for all to hold, they consequently love this admirable virtue.'

 【原文】

  公都子①曰:“告子曰:‘性无善无不善也。’或曰:‘性可以为善,可以为不善;是故文武兴,则民好善;幽厉兴,则民好暴.’或曰:‘有性善,有性不善。是故以尧为君而有象②,以省瞽瞍(3)为父而有舜,以纣为兄之子,且以为君,而有微子启、王子比干。’今曰‘性善’,然则被皆非与?”
  孟子曰:“乃若④其情⑤,则可以为善矣,乃所谓善也。若夫为不善,非才③之罪也。恻隐之心,人皆有之;羞恶之心,人皆有之;恭敬之心,人皆有之;是非之心,人皆有之。恻隐之心,仁也;羞恶之心,义也;恭敬之心,礼也;是非之心智也。仁义礼智,非由外铄(7)我也,我固有之也,弗思耳矣。故曰:‘求则得之,舍则失之。’或相倍蓰(8)而无算者,不能尽其才者也。《诗》曰:‘天生蒸民,有物有则。民之秉彝,好是懿德(9)。’孔子曰:‘为此诗者,其知道乎!故有物必有则;民之秉彝也,故好是懿德。’”

  【注释】

①公都子:孟子的学生。
②象:舜的异母弟,品行不善。
③瞽(gu)瞍(SOU):舜的父亲,品行不善。
④乃若:转折连词,大致相当于“至于”等。
⑤情:指天生的性情。
(6)才:指天生的资质。
(7)铄(shuo):授予。
(8)蓰(xi):五倍。
(9)《诗》曰:引自《诗经·大雅·蒸民》。蒸,众;则,法则;秉,执;彝,常;懿,美。

  【译文】

  公都子说:“告子说:‘人性无所谓善良不善良。’又有人说:‘人性可以使它善良,也可以使它不善良。所以周文王、周武王当朝,老百姓就善良;周幽王、周厉王当朝,老百姓就横暴。’也有人说:‘有的人本性善良,有的人本性不善良。所以虽然有尧这样善良的人做天子却有像这样不善良的臣民;虽然有瞽瞍这样不善良的父亲却有舜这样善良的儿子;虽然有殷纣王这样不善良的侄儿,并且做了天子,却也有微子启、王子比干这样善良的长辈和贤臣。’如今老师说‘人性本善’,那么他们都说错了吗?”
  孟子说:“从天生的性情来说,都可以使之善良,这就是我说人性本善的意思。至于说有些人不善良,那不能归罪于天生的资质.同情心,人人都有;羞耻心,人人都有;恭敬心,人人都有;是非心,人人都有。同情心属于仁;羞耻心属于义;恭敬心属于礼;是非心属于智。这仁义礼智都不是由外在的因素加给我的,而是我本身固有的,只不过平时没有去想它因而不觉得罢了。所以说:‘探求就可以得到,放弃便会失去。’人与人之间有相差一倍、五倍甚至无数倍的,正是由于没有充分发挥他们的天生资质的缘故。《诗经》说:‘上天生育了人类,万事万物都有法则。老百姓掌握了这些法则,就会崇高美好的品德。’孔子说:‘写这首诗的人真懂得道啊!有事物就一定有法则;老百姓掌握了这些法则,所以崇尚美好的品德。”’

  【读解】

  学生公都子更为全面地提出了人性问题来和孟子进行讨论,除了告子的观点外,还另外举出了两种观点,且有理有据,说服力较强。这一次孟子没有以诘难或推谬的方式进行辩论,而是正面阐述了自己关于人性本善的看法。说是阐述,其实也是重申,因为其主要内客,即关于恻隐、羞恶、恭敬、是非“四心”以及它们与仁、义、礼、智之间的内在联系,他在《公孙五上》里已经提出并阐述过了。只不过在那里是从“人皆有不忍人之心”出发,探讨“四心”与“仁政”之间的关系,具有政治心理学的色彩。而这里则是纯从人性探讨的角度出发,回答学生关于人性是否天生善良的问题。
  其实,到底人性是如孟子的看法天生善良,还是如荀子的看法天生邪恶,或者如告子等人的看法无所谓善也无所谓恶,这是一个很难说得清的问题。即便是哲学思想进步发展到今天,对于这个古老的话题,学者们往往也莫衷一是,各执一端。所以,孟子的看法的确也只能代表一家之言。
  值得我们注意的是,孟子在这里进一步提出了“求则得之,舍得失之”的问题。按照孟子的看法,不仅人性本善,人性本来有“四心”,就连仁义礼智这四种品质道德,也都是“我固有之也”,只不过平时我们没有去想它因而不觉得罢了。所以,现在我们应该做的就是要在自己的身上,自己的本性之中去发现仁义礼智,“尽其才”,充分发挥自己的天生资质。这使人想到他在《公孙丑上》里面所说的,人有仁义礼智的四端,“犹其有四体也”。仁义礼智已经植根于我们的本性之中,就像手脚四肢已长在我们的身上一样,由于太自然,太习惯了,反倒使我们浑然不知,意识不到了。如果有一个人突然对我们说:“我发现手脚就长在我们的身上!”我们不认为他是个百分之百的白痴才怪。可今天突然有人对我们说:“我发现仁义礼智就在我们的本性之中!”我们认为他是白痴还是认为他发现了“新大陆”呢?
  古往今来,东南西北,多少人在寻求仁义礼智、世间公道,却原来都是背着娃娃找娃娃。孟子向我们猛击一掌说:娃娃不就在你的身上吗?于是我们都反省自身,在自己的身上,自己的本性中去寻求仁义礼智的善的根苗,加以培养,使之茁壮成长。
  抛开抽象的哲学论争不说,孟子的“性善论”思想是不是有它积极进取、健康向上的意义呢?
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