《孟子》中英文版
第十一编 《告子上》(7)
第七章 口之于味,有同嗜焉
孟子曰:“富歲,子弟多賴;凶歲,子弟多暴,非天之降才爾殊也,其所以陷溺其心者然也。今夫麰麥,播種而耰之,其地同,樹之時又同,浡然而生,至於日至之時,皆熟矣。雖有不同,則地有肥磽,雨露之養,人事之不齊也。故凡同類者,舉相似也,何獨至於人而疑之?聖人與我同類者。故龍子曰:‘不知足而為屨,我知其不為蕢也。’屨之相似,天下之足同也。口之於味,有同耆也。易牙先得我口之所耆者也。如使口之於味也,其性與人殊,若犬馬之與我不同類也,則天下何耆皆從易牙之於味也?至於味,天下期於易牙,是天下之口相似也惟耳亦然。至於聲,天下期於師曠,是天下之耳相似也。惟目亦然。至於子都,天下莫不知其姣也。不知子都之姣者,無目者也。故曰:口之於味也,有同耆焉;耳之於聲也,有同聽焉;目之於色也,有同美焉。至於心,獨無所同然乎?心之所同然者何也?謂理也,義也。聖人先得我心之所同然耳。故理義之悅我心,猶芻豢之悅我口。”
Mencius said, 'In good years the children of the people are most of them good, while in bad years the most of them abandon themselves to evil. It is not owing to any difference of their natural powers conferred by Heaven that they are thus different. The abandonment is owing to the circumstances through which they allow their minds to be ensnared and drowned in evil. There now is barley. Let it be sown and covered up; the ground being the same, and the time of sowing likewise the same, it grows rapidly up, and, when the full time is come, it is all found to be ripe. Although there may be inequalities of produce, that is owing to the difference of the soil, as rich or poor, to the unequal nourishment afforded by the rains and dews, and to the different ways in which man has performed his business in reference to it. Thus all things which are the same in kind are like to one another; why should we doubt in regard to man, as if he were a solitary exception to this? The sage and we are the same in kind. In accordance with this the scholar Long said, "If a man make hempen sandals without knowing the size of people's feet, yet I know that he will not make them like baskets." Sandals are all like one another, because all men's feet are like one another. So with the mouth and flavours - all mouths have the same relishes. Yi Ya only apprehended before me what my mouth relishes. Suppose that his mouth in its relish for flavours differed from that of other men, as is the case with dogs or horses which are not the same in kind with us, why should all men be found following Yi Ya in their relishes? In the matter of tastes all the people model themselves after Yi Ya; that is, the mouths of all men are like one another. And so also it is with the ear. In the matter of sounds, the whole people model themselves after the music-master Kuang; that is, the ears of all men are like one another. And so also it is with the eye. In the case of Zi Du, there is no man but would recognise that he was beautiful. Any one who would not recognise the beauty of Zi Du must have no eyes. Therefore I say, Men's mouths agree in having the same relishes; their ears agree in enjoying the same sounds; their eyes agree in recognising the same beauty - shall their minds alone be without that which the similarly approve? What is it then of which they similarly approve? It is, I say, the principles of our nature, and the determinations of righteousness. The sages only apprehended before me that of which my mind approves along with other men. Therefore the principles of our nature and the determinations of righteousness are agreeable to my mind, just as the flesh of grass and grain-fed animals is agreeable to my mouth.'
【原文】
孟子曰:“富岁,子弟多赖①;凶岁,子弟多暴,非天之降才尔殊③也,其所以陷溺其心者然也。今夫麰麦(3),播种而耰(4)之,其地同,树⑤之时又同,浡然(6)而生,至于日至(7)之时,皆熟矣。虽有不同,则地有肥硗(8),雨露之养、人事之不齐也。故凡同类者,举相似也,何独至于人而疑之?圣人,与我同类者。故龙子(9)曰:不知足而为履,我知其不为蒉(10)也。’屦之相似,天下之足同也。口之于味,有同耆四也。易牙(11)先得我口之所喜者也。如使口之于味也,其性与人殊(13),若犬马之与我不同类也,则天下何耆皆从易牙之于味也?至于味,天下期于易牙,是天下之口相似也。惟(14)耳亦然。至于声,天下期于师旷,是天下之耳相似也。惟目亦然。至于子都(15),天下莫不知其姣也。不知子都之姣者,无目者也。故曰,口之于味也,有同耆焉;耳之于声也,有同听焉;目之于色也,有同美焉。至于心,独无所同然乎?心之所同然者何也?谓理也,义也。圣人先得我心之所同然耳。故理义之悦我心,犹刍豢(16)之悦我口。”
【注释】
①赖:同“懒”。
②尔:这样,如此。殊:不同。
③麰(mou)麦:大麦。
④耰(you):本为农具名,此处作动词,指用土覆盖种子。
⑤树:动词,种植。
(6)浡(b6):旺盛。
(7)日至:即夏至。
(8)硗(qiao):土地贫瘠,不肥沃。
(9)龙子:古代的贤人。
(10)蒉(kui):筐、篮。
(11)耆(Shi):通“嗜”。
(12)易牙:春秋时齐国最擅烹调的人,齐桓公的宠臣。
(13)与人殊:即“人与人殊”之意。
(14)惟:此处为语首词,无义。
(15)子都:春秋时代美男子。
(16)刍豢(huan):泛指家畜。食草家畜如牛羊称刍;食谷家畜如猎狗称豢。
【译文】
孟子说:“丰收年成,少年子弟多半懒惰;灾荒年成,少年子弟多半横暴,不是天生资质这样不同,而是由于外部环境使他们的心有所陷溺。以大麦而论,播种后用土把种子覆盖好,同样的土地,同样的播种时间,它们蓬勃地生长,到了夏至时,全都成熟了。虽然有收获多少的不同,但那是由于土地有肥瘠,雨水有多少,人工有勤惰而造成的。所以凡是同类的事物,其主要的方面都是相似的,为什么一说到人就发生疑问了呢?圣人,与论是同类的人嘛。所以龙子说:‘不用知道脚的长短去编一双鞋,我也知道是绝不会编成一个筐子的。’草鞋的相近,是因为天下人的脚都大致相同。口对于味道,有相同的嗜好,易牙就是先掌握了我们的共同嗜好的人。假如口对于味道,每个人都根本不同,就像狗、马与我们完全不同类一样,那么天下的人怎么会都喜欢易牙烹调出来的味道呢?一说到口味,天下的人都期望做到易牙那样,这说明天下人的口味都是相近的。对耳朵来说也是这样,一提到音乐,天下的人都期望做到师旷那样,这说明天下人的听觉都是相近的。对眼睛来说也是这样,一提到子都,天下人没有不认为他美的。不认为子都美丽的,是没有眼睛的人。所以说,口对于味道,有相同的嗜好;耳朵对于声音,有相同的听觉;眼睛对于颜色,有相同的美感。一说到心,难道就偏偏没有相同的地方了吗?心相同的地方大约在哪里?在理,在义。圣人不过就是先掌握了我们内心相同的东西罢了。所以理义使我的心高兴,就像猪狗牛羊肉使我觉得味美一样。”
【读解】
我们都有共同的人性。
物质享受如此,精神享受也如此。
说到底,还是“人之初,性本善”观点的发挥。
孟子这段话,成为二十世纪中叶理论界讨论“共同人性”。“共同美”的主要依据之一。这恐怕是孟子本人怎么也不会想到的罢。孟子本人则只知道刍拳悦口,理义悦心,说得亲切生动,有滋有味,令人真想亲口尝一尝那理义到底是什么滋味。
然而,美苦众生,凡夫俗子又有几人真能像圣人那样亲切体味到理义之乐如口福之乐一样的呢?
因为,理义之乐与口福之乐的确是有所不同的。“理义之悦我心”所涉及的,实际上是道德判断的方面,是精神满足的问题;而“刍豢之悦我。”所涉及的,实际上是感官知觉的方面,是物欲满足的问题。前者是抽象的精神的,后者是具体的物质的,是两个不同领域的问题,不能混为一谈。这大概正是孟子所疏忽的地方罢。
当然,说他有所疏忽,并不意味着他所说的一切都没有了道理。事实上,只要不推到极端,不说得那么绝对,共同的人性也罢,共同的审美感觉也罢,都的确是存在的。至于说共同的口味,共同的听觉,共同的对于美人的欣赏和喜爱,那更是人之常倩,无可辩驳的了。关键是我们在承认这些共同性的同时,也要承认个体的差异,承认同中有异,异中有同,这样才相于把自助。没有退路的被动位置上,把有道理的说法都变成没有道理的了。 |