《孟子》中英文版
第十编 《万章下》(2)
第二章 受禄规范明了
北宮錡問曰：“周室班爵祿也，如之何？”
Bei Gong Qi asked Mencius, saying, 'What was the arrangement of dignities and emoluments determined by the House of Zhou?'
孟子曰：“其詳不可得聞也。諸侯惡其害己也，而皆去其籍。然而軻也，嘗聞其略也。天子一位，公一位，侯一位，伯一位，子、男同一位，凡五等也。君一位，卿一位，大夫一位，上士一位，中士一位，下士一位，凡六等。
Mencius replied, 'The particulars of that arrangement cannot be learned, for the princes, disliking them as injurious to themselves, have all made away with the records of them. Still I have learned the general outline of them. The Son of Heaven constituted one dignity; the Gong one; the Hou one; the Bai one; and the Zi and the Nan each one of equal rank - altogether making five degrees of rank. The Ruler again constituted one dignity; the Chief Minister one; the Great Officers one; the Scholars of the First Class one; those of the Middle Class one; and those of the Lowest Class one - altogether making six degrees of dignity.
“天子之制，地方千里，公侯皆方百里，伯七十里，子、男五十里，凡四等。不能五十里，不達於天子，附於諸侯，曰附庸。天子之卿受地視侯，大夫受地視伯，元士受地視子、男。
'To the Son of Heaven there was allotted a territory of a thousand li square. A Gong and a Hou had each a hundred li square. A Bai had seventy li, and a Zi and a Nan had each fifty li. The assignments altogether were of four amounts. Where the territory did not amount to fifty li, the chief could not have access himself to the Son of Heaven. His land was attached to some Hou-ship, and was called a Fu Yong. The Chief ministers of the Son of Heaven received an amount of territory equal to that of a Hou; a Great officer received as much as a Bai; and a scholar of the first class as much as a Zi or a Nan.
“大國地方百里，君十卿祿，卿祿四大夫，大夫倍上士，上士倍中士，中士倍下士，下士與庶人在官者同祿，祿足以代其耕也。次國地方七十里，君十卿祿，卿祿三大夫，大夫倍上士，上士倍中士，中士倍下士，下士與庶人在官者同祿，祿足以代其耕也。小國地方五十里，君十卿祿，卿祿二大夫，大夫倍上士，上士倍中士，中士倍下士，下士與庶人在官者同祿，祿足以代其耕也。耕者之所獲，一夫百畝。百畝之糞，上農夫食九人，上次食八人，中食七人，中次食六人，下食五人。庶人在官者，其祿以是為差。”
'In a great State, where the territory was a hundred li square, the ruler had ten times as much income as his Chief ministers; a Chief minister four times as much as a Great officer; a Great officer twice as much as a scholar of the first class; a scholar of the first class twice as much as one of the middle; a scholar of the middle class twice as much as one of the lowest; the scholars of the lowest class, and such of the common people as were employed about the government offices, had for their emolument as much as was equal to what they would have made by tilling the fields. In a State of the next order, where the territory was seventy li square, the ruler had ten times as much revenue as his Chief minister; a Chief minister three times as much as a Great officer; a Great officer twice as much as a scholar of the first class; a scholar of the first class twice as much as one of the middle; a scholar of the middle class twice as much as one of the lowest; the scholars of the lowest class, and such of the common people as were employed about the government offices, had for their emolument as much as was equal to what they would have made by tilling the fields. In a small State, where the territory was fifty li square, the ruler had ten times as much revenue as his Chief minister; a Chief minister had twice as much as a Great officer; a Great officer twice as much as a scholar of the highest class; a scholar of the highest class twice as much as one of the middle; a scholar of the middle class twice as much as one of the lowest; scholars of the lowest class, and such of the common people as were employed about the government offices, had the same emolument - as much, namely, as was equal to what they would have made by tilling the fields. As to those who tilled the fields, each husbandman received a hundred mu. When those mu were manured, the best husbandmen of the highest class supported nine individuals, and those ranking next to them supported eight. The best husbandmen of the second class supported seven individuals, and those ranking next to them supported six; while husbandmen of the lowest class only supported five. The salaries of the common people who were employed about the government offices were regulated according to these differences.'
【原文】
北宫錡1问曰：“周室班2爵禄也，如之何？”
孟子曰：“其详不可得闻也。诸侯恶其害己也，而皆去其籍。然而轲也尝闻其略也。天子一位，公一位，侯一位，伯一位，子、男同一位：凡五等也。君一位，卿一位，大夫一位，上士一位，中士一位，下士一位：凡六等。天子之制，地方千里；公、侯皆方百里；伯七十里；子、男五十里；凡四等。不能五十里，不达於天子；附於诸侯，曰附庸。天子之卿受地视侯，大夫受地视伯，元士受地视子、男。
“大国地方百里；君十卿禄，卿禄四大夫，大夫倍上士，上士倍中士，中士倍下士，下士与庶人在官者同禄，禄足以代其耕也。次国地方七十里，君十卿禄，卿禄三大夫，大夫倍上士，上士倍中士，中士倍下士，下士与庶人在官者同禄，禄足以代其耕也。
“小国地方五十里。君十卿禄，卿禄二大夫，大夫倍上士，上士倍中士，中士倍下士，下士与庶人在官者同禄，禄足以代其耕也。
“耕者之所获：一夫百亩，百亩之粪3，上农夫食九人，上次食八人，中食七人，中次食六人，下食五人；庶人在官者，其禄以是为差。”
【注释】
1.北宫錡：人名，卫国人。
2.班：通“颁”。《书·舜典》：“既月乃日，觐四岳群牧，班瑞于群后。”《左传·桓公六年》：“使鲁为其班。”《礼记·曲礼》：“班朝治军。”《韩非子·存韩》：“班位于天下。”《汉书·翟方进传》：“周公…制礼乐，班度量，而下大服。这里用为颁布之意。
3.粪：《周礼·草人》：“凡粪种。”注：“凡所以粪种者，皆谓煮取汁也。”《老子·四十六章》：“却是走马以粪。”《礼记·月令》：“可以粪田畴。”这里用为施肥治田之意。
【译文】
北宫錡问：“周王室颁布的爵位和俸禄，是怎么样的呢？”
孟子说：“详情已不知道了。诸侯们都厌恶它妨害了自己的利益而把这方面的典籍销毁了，但我也听说过大概的情况。天子是一级，公是一级，侯是一级，伯是一级，子、男同是一级，总共五个等级。君是一级，卿是一级，大夫是一级，上士是一级，中士是一级，下士是一级，总共六个等级。天子控制的地方，方圆千里，公侯的封地方圆百里，伯的封地方圆七十里，子、男爵的封地方圆五十里，总共四个等级。不能达到方圆五十里的，不能与天子联系，只能附属于诸侯，叫做附庸。天子朝中的卿所受的封地视同为侯爵一样，大夫的封地视同为伯爵，元士的封地视同为子、男爵。
“大的诸侯国方圆百里，国君的俸禄十倍于卿，卿的俸禄四倍于大夫，大夫的俸禄倍于上士，上士倍于中士，中士倍于下士，下士与在官府服役的平民同样俸禄，俸禄足以代替他们耕种的收入。次一等的诸侯国方圆七十里，国君的俸禄十倍于卿，卿的俸禄三倍于大夫，大夫倍于上士，上士倍于中士，中士倍于下士，下士与在官府服役的平民同样俸禄，俸禄足以代替他们耕种的收入。
“小的诸侯国家方圆五十里，国君的俸禄十倍于卿，卿的俸禄二倍于大夫，大夫倍于上士，上士倍于中士，中士倍于下士，下士与在官府服役的平民同样俸禄，俸禄足以代替他们耕种的收入。
“耕种者的收入大概是这样，一个农夫有百亩地；百亩地都施肥耕作，上等的农夫可供养九人，稍次一点的可供养八人，中等的可供养七人，稍次一点的可供养六人，下等的可供养五人。平民在官府服役的，俸禄按这个来分等差。”
【解说】
这一篇是论述国家的行为方式，即天子治理国家，治理诸侯国，治理为官者的一种行为方式。这种行为方式即被称为“礼”，即社会行为规范。有了这个规范，人们在有所行为时，就要按照这个行为规范来行为。我们且不论这个规范是否合理，我们只是从中看到，凡治理国家，治理人民，国家的行为方式必须要选择最佳的，最好的，才能得到所有人的认同。当然，周初所制定的这个行为规范至春秋战国时期已被废弃，但这并不能说明这个行为规范是错误的，因为时代的发展，人民思想的变化，尤其是私有制的畸形发展，使得春秋战国时期的人们的贪欲更加膨胀，因此才导致周初的这个行为规范被废弃。但是，不能否认的是，不论什么样的国家，不论任何时代，都必须要有一定的社会行为规范，这个国家才能存在下去。而国家行政的行为方式，亦是至关重要的。 |
