《孟子》中英文版
第十二编 《告子下》(3)
第三章 亲之过,怨与不怨
公孫丑問曰:“高子曰:‘《小弁》,小人之詩也。’”
Gong Sun Chou asked about an opinion of the scholar Gao, saying, 'Gao observed, "The Xiao Pan is the ode of a little man."'
孟子曰:“何以言之?”
Mencius asked, 'Why did he say so?'
曰:“怨。”
'Because of the murmuring which it expresses,' was the reply.
曰:“固哉,高叟之為《詩》也!有人於此,越人關弓而射之,則己談笑而道之;無他,疏之也。其兄關弓而射之,則己垂涕泣而道之;無他,戚之也。小弁之怨,親親也。親親,仁也。固矣夫,高叟之為《詩》也!”
Mencius answered, 'How stupid was that old Gao in dealing with the ode! There is a man here, and a native of Yue bends his bow to shoot him. I will advise him not to do so, but speaking calmly and smilingly; for no other reason but that he is not related to me. But if my own brother be bending his bow to shoot the man, then I will advise him not to do so, weeping and crying the while; for no other reason than that he is related to me. The dissatisfaction expressed in the Xiao Pan is the working of relative affection, and that affection shows benevolence. Stupid indeed was old Gao's criticism on the ode.'
曰:“《凱風》何以不怨?”
Chou then said, 'How is it that there is no dissatisfaction expressed in the Kai Feng?'
曰:“《凱風》,親之過小者也;《小弁》,親之過大者也。親之過大而不怨,是愈疏也;親之過小而怨,是不可磯也。愈疏,不孝也;不可磯,亦不孝也。孔子曰:‘舜其至孝矣,五十而慕。’”
Mencius replied, 'The parent's fault referred to in the Kai Feng is small; that referred to in the Xiao Pan is great. Where the parent's fault was great, not to have murmured on account of it would have increased the want of natural affection. Where the parent's fault was small, to have murmured on account of it would have been to act like water which frets and foams about a stone that interrupts its course. To increase the want of natural affection would have been unfilial, and to fret and foam in such a manner would also have been unfilial. Confucius said, "Shun was indeed perfectly filial! And yet, when he was fifty, he was full of longing desire about his parents."'
【原文】
公孙丑问曰:“高子1曰:《小弁》2,小人之诗也。”
孟子曰:“何以言之?”
曰:“怨。”
曰:“固哉,高叟之为诗也!有人于此,越人关弓而射之,则己谈笑而道之;无他,疏之也。其兄关弓而射之,则己垂涕泣而道之;无他,戚之也。《小弁》之怨,亲亲也。亲亲,仁也。固矣夫,高叟之为诗也!”
曰:“《凯风》3何以不怨?”
曰:“《凯风》,亲之过小者也;《小弁》,亲之过大者也。亲之过大而不怨,是愈疏也;亲之过小而怨,是不可矶4也。愈疏,不孝也;不可矶,亦不孝也。孔子曰:‘舜其至孝矣,五十而慕’”。
【注释】
1.高子:与孟子同时代但年长于孟子的一位学者。
2.《小弁》:《诗经·小雅》中的一篇诗。
3.《凯风》:《诗经·邶风》中的一篇诗。
4.矶:《集韵·微韵》:“矶,感激也。”本义为大石激水,水冲击岩石。引申为激怒、触犯之意。
【译文】
公孙丑说:“高先生说:《小弁》,是小人写的诗。”
孟子说:“怎么能这样说呢?”
公孙丑说:“诗中多怨。”
孟子说:“真是固执啊,高老先生这样解诗。假如有个人在此,越国人弯弓张箭射他,他自己可以谈笑风生地讲述这件事;没有别的原因,是因为自己跟越国人关系疏远。如果是自己的兄长弯弓张箭而射人,那么自己就会落下眼泪来讲述这件事;没有别的原因,是因为兄长是自己的亲戚。《小弁》诗中的忧怨,正是亲近亲人。亲近亲人,就是相互亲爱。真是固执啊,高老先生这样解诗。”
公孙丑说:“《凯风》这首诗为什么不忧怨呢?”
孟子说:“《凯风》这首诗,是因为父母过错较小,《小弁》这首诗,是因为父母过错较大。亲人的过错较大而不怨恨,是更加疏远关系。亲人的过错较小而怨恨,是不可激怒的。更加疏远,是不孝顺;激怒了,也是不孝顺。孔子说:‘舜是非常孝顺的人,五十岁了还爱慕父母。’”。
【解说】
孝顺父母,是社会行为规范中的基本内容,建立人与人之间相互亲爱的关系,也是社会行为规范中的基本内容,以遵守社会行为规范来决定自己的行为方式,就是本章的重点。父母过错较大而忧怨,这就是因为父母是自己的亲人,如果换个不认识的人犯了过错,怎么会去忧怨呢?如果父母过错较小而去忧怨,那就犯不着了。人谁不犯错误?父母有了小过错,改了就是,做儿女的一天到晚在忧怨、在诉说,还叫不叫人活下去?其实我们每一个人都是会“迁怒”于别人的。晴了好几天,我们就会骂老天爷,天天都是这样明晃晃的太阳;好不容易下雨了,我们又会骂老天爷,下个雨,弄得道路泥泞,不好走路。学生学习不好,怪学生太笨或怪书本太差;饭没煮好,怪火不肯燃;事情出了错,犯错误的都是别人。所以《凯风》诗中父母过错较小而没有忧怨之情,这就是遵守社会行为规范的最佳行为方式。 |