《孟子》中英文版
第十二编 《告子下》(7)
第七章 权去公室,政在家门
孟子曰:“五霸者,三王之罪人也;今之諸侯,五霸之罪人也;今之大夫,今之諸侯之罪人也。天子適諸侯曰巡狩,諸侯朝於天子曰述職。春省耕而補不足,秋省斂而助不給。入其疆,土地辟,田野治,養老尊賢,俊傑在位,則有慶,慶以地。入其疆,土地荒蕪,遺老失賢,掊克在位,則有讓。一不朝,則貶其爵;再不朝,則削其地;三不朝,則六師移之。是故天子討而不伐,諸侯伐而不討。五霸者,摟諸侯以伐諸侯者也,故曰:五霸者,三王之罪人也。
Mencius said, 'The five chiefs of the princes were sinners against the three kings. The princes of the present day are sinners against the five chiefs. The Great officers of the present day are sinners against the princes. The sovereign visited the princes, which was called "A tour of Inspection." The princes attended at the court of the sovereign, which was called "Giving a report of office." It was a custom in the spring to examine the ploughing, and supply any deficiency of seed; and in autumn to examine the reaping, and assist where there was a deficiency of the crop. When the sovereign entered the boundaries of a State, if the new ground was being reclaimed, and the old fields well cultivated; if the old were nourished and the worthy honoured; and if men of distinguished talents were placed in office: then the prince was rewarded - rewarded with an addition to his territory. On the other hand, if, on entering a State, the ground was found left wild or overrun with weeds; if the old were neglected and the worthy unhonoured; and if the offices were filled with hard taxgatherers: then the prince was reprimanded. If a prince once omitted his attendance at court, he was punished by degradation of rank; if he did so a second time, be was deprived of a portion of his territory; if he did so a third time, the royal forces were set in motion, and he was removed from his government. Thus the sovereign commanded the punishment, but did not himself inflict it, while the princes inflicted the punishment, but did not command it. The five chiefs, however, dragged the princes to punish other princes, and hence I say that they were sinners against the three kings.
“五霸,桓公為盛。葵丘之會諸侯,束牲、載書而不歃血。初命曰:‘誅不孝,無易樹子,無以妾為妻。’再命曰:‘尊賢育才,以彰有德。’三命曰:‘敬老慈幼,無忘賓旅。’四命曰:‘士無世官,官事無攝,取士必得,無專殺大夫。’五命曰:‘無曲防,無遏糴,無有封而不告。’曰:‘凡我同盟之人,既盟之後,言歸于好。’今之諸侯,皆犯此五禁,故曰:今之諸侯,五霸之罪人也。
'Of the five chiefs the most powerful was the duke Huan. At the assembly of the princes in Kui Qiu, he bound the victim and placed the writing upon it, but did not slay it to smear their mouths with the blood. The first injunction in their agreement was, "Slay the unfilial; change not the son who has been appointed heir; exalt not a concubine to be the wife." The second was, "Honour the worthy, and maintain the talented, to give distinction to the virtuous." The third was, "Respect the old, and be kind to the young. Be not forgetful of strangers and travellers." The fourth was, "Let not offices be hereditary, nor let officers be pluralists. In the selection of officers let the object be to get the proper men. Let not a ruler take it on himself to put to death a Great officer." The fifth was, "Follow no crooked policy in making embankments. Impose no restrictions on the sale of grain. Let there be no promotions without first announcing them to the sovereign." It was then said, "All we who have united in this agreement shall hereafter maintain amicable relations." The princes of the present day all violate these five prohibitions, and therefore I say that the princes of the present day are sinners against the five chiefs.
“長君之惡其罪小,逢君之惡其罪大。今之大夫,皆逢君之惡,故曰:今之大夫,今之諸侯之罪人也。”
'The crime of him who connives at, and aids, the wickedness of his prince is small, but the crime of him who anticipates and excites that wickedness is great. The officers of the present day all go to meet their sovereigns' wickedness, and therefore I say that the Great officers of the present day are sinners against the princes.'
【原文】
孟子曰:“五霸1者,三王2之罪人也;今之诸侯,五霸之罪人也;今之大夫,今之诸侯之罪人也。天子适诸侯曰巡狩,诸侯朝于天子曰述职。春省耕而补不足,秋省敛而助不给。入其疆,土地辟,田野治,养老尊贤,俊杰在位,则有庆;庆以地。入其疆,土地荒芜,遗老失贤,掊3克在位,则有让4。一不朝,则贬其爵;再不朝,则削其地;三不朝,则六师移之。是故天子讨而不伐,诸侯伐而不讨。五霸者,搂5诸侯以伐诸侯者也,故曰:五霸者,三王之罪人也。
五霸,桓公为盛。葵丘6之会,诸侯束牲载书7而不歃血8。初命曰,诛不孝,无易树子,无以妾为妻。再命曰,尊贤育才,以彰有德。三命曰,敬老慈幼,无忘宾旅。四命曰,士无世官,官事无摄,取士必得,无专杀大夫。五命曰,无曲防,无遏籴,无有封而不告。曰:凡我同盟之人,既盟之后,言归于好。今之诸侯皆犯此五禁,故曰,今之诸侯,五霸之罪人也。
长君之恶,其罪小;逢君之恶,其罪大。今之大夫皆逢君之恶,故曰,今之大夫,今之诸侯之罪人也。”
【注释】
1.五霸:指春秋时期先后称霸的五个诸侯。即齐桓公、晋文公、楚庄王、秦穆公、宋襄公。
2.三王:指先周时期称王的三个王,即夏禹王、商汤王、周文王。
3.掊:(paou投)《诗·大雅·荡》:“曾是强御,曾是掊克。”《说文》:“掊,杷也。今盐官入水取盐为掊。”《汉书·郊祀志上》:“见地如钩状,掊视得鼎。”宋王安石《兼并》:“俗吏不知方,掊克乃为材。本义为五指扒土,后引伸为聚敛,搜括之意。
4.让:《左传·昭公二十五年》:“且让之。”《国语·周语》:“让不贡。”《荀子·荣辱》:“巨涂则让,小涂则殆。”《韩非子·外储说右上》:“故季孙让仲尼以遇势,而况错之于君乎?”《小尔雅》:“诘责以辞谓之让。”《史记·齐世家》:“鲁人以为让。”《说文》:“让,相责让也。”《广雅》:“让,责也。”这里用为责备之意。
5.搂:(lou髅)《说文·手部》:“搂,曳聚也。”《广韵·侯韵》:“搂,曳也。”这里用为拉拢之意。
6.葵丘:春秋时宋国地名,在今河南兰考、民权县境内。齐桓公于公元前年在葵丘邀集鲁、宋、卫、许、曹等国代表结成同盟,从而确定了齐国的霸主地位。
7.载书:《左传·昭公十五年》:“夫有勋而不废,有绩而载。”萧统《文选序》:“推而广之,不可胜载矣。”载书即盟书,是记载盟约的文件。
8.歃(sha霎)血:《史记·平原君虞卿列传》:“王当歃血而定从,次者吾君,次者遂。”古人盟会时,微饮牲血,或含于口中,或涂于口旁,以示信守誓言的诚意。葵丘之盟不杀牲口,不用牲畜血,而是用书写的文字表示诚意。
【译文】
孟子说:“所谓的五霸,是三个圣王的罪人。如今的诸侯,亦是五霸的罪人。如今的大夫,是如今诸侯的罪人。天子出来到各诸侯国,称为巡狩。诸侯君主去朝见天子,称为述职。春天视察春耕补助困难的人,秋季视察收藏情况而帮助不够的人。进入到诸侯封地,如果土地是开辟的,田野是治理的,人民养老尊贤,有才能的人在位,就奖励,奖励其以土地。进入到诸侯封地,如果土地是荒芜的,遗弃老人失去贤才,搜括掠夺的人在位,就责备。第一次不朝觐,就贬损其爵位,再不朝觐就削减其土地,第三次不朝觐就派六师兵力移到他的封地上。所以天子声讨他而不征伐他,诸侯则是征伐而不声讨。所谓的五霸,是拉拢一部分诸侯去征伐另一部分诸侯。所以说,五霸者,是三个圣王的罪人。
五霸中齐桓公最势力最大,在葵丘盟会诸侯,捆束牲畜,文字为盟书而不用牲畜血。第一次盟会,就共同宣称:‘诛杀不孝,不轻易改变太子,不以妾为正妻。’第二次盟会就共同宣称:‘尊敬贤能,培育贤才,表彰有道德的人。’第三次盟会就共同宣称:‘尊敬老人,慈爱儿童,不轻慢宾客旅人。’第四次盟会就共同宣称:‘读书人的官职不世袭,公职不兼摄,选拔读书人要合格,不要专横杀戮大夫官员。’第五次盟会就共同宣称:‘不随意修筑堤防,不制止互购粮食,不能有封爵而不报告。’还宣誓:‘凡是一起参加盟誓的,既然签了盟约之后,恢复平常的和平友好。’如今的诸侯都违反了这五条盟誓。所以说,如今的诸侯,都是五霸的罪人。
助长国君的恶行,其罪还小;迎合国君的恶行,罪就大了。如今的大夫,都是在迎合国君的恶行,所以说,如今的大夫,都是如今诸侯的罪人。”
【解说】
孟子回顾了三王时期,即周朝以前的三个圣王,认为他们是遵守社会行为规范而有最佳行为方式的君王。而春秋时期的五霸,虽提倡和遵守社会行为规范,但他们的行为方式却不好,是霸道政治,因此是三王的罪人。到孟子所在的战国时期的诸侯,既不遵守社会行为规范,又不选择最佳行为方式,故而更坏,因此是五霸的罪人。而现在诸侯们手下的官员比诸侯们更坏,因此是现在的诸侯的罪人。
孟子这其实是针对诸侯国君和士大夫阶级而言的,不仅是平民百姓,或是读书人要遵守一定的社会行为规范,就是大夫级官员、诸侯君主,也要而且更要遵守一定的社会行为规范。春秋时各诸侯国虽然都在争霸称霸,但毕竟还奉着一个周王——当时的中央政府,承认有一个政治中心。这就是等于还承认有一个共同的社会行为规范。而五霸以后,东迁后的周起初尚占有今陕西东部和豫中一带的地方,后来这些领土渐被秦、虢等国所占据,周所能控制的范围,仅限于洛邑四周。疆域的缩小,使周失去了号令诸侯的能力,各诸侯不再定期向天子述职和纳贡,周王室的收入因此而减少。周王经常向诸侯求车、求赙、求金,失去了昔日的尊严,已和一般小国无别。这就是说,整个周朝的社会行为规范至此已彻底崩溃。各诸侯国不再承认一定的社会行为规范。而这种状况发展到孔子死后就更为严重了。春秋时从周王室到各个侯国,君权不强者占大多数。鲁、宋、郑、齐、晋等国的君权日益衰弱,到战国时期,主宰国家命运的卿大夫为了争权夺利,又不断地展开激烈的兼并斗争。
鲁国在僖公时,由桓公之子季友秉政,其后代称季孙氏。季友之兄庆父、叔牙之后为孟孙氏、叔孙氏。这三家皆为桓公之后,故称三桓。僖公以后到春秋末,鲁的政权基本上由三家所把持。襄公时,季孙宿执政,三分公室,鲁君实力被削弱。到昭公时,昭公被逐出鲁国,流浪在外七年而卒。《左传》说:“鲁君世从其失,季氏世修其勤。”由于季氏颇得民心,故鲁国出现“民不知君”的现象。但随着三桓势力的过于强大,三桓的家臣也非同一般。在春秋晚期,南蒯、阳虎、侯犯等先后起来反对季氏和叔孙氏,像阳虎就一度执掌鲁的大权,即所谓的“陪臣执国命”。由此又反映出三家也在走向衰微。
宋国的卿大夫和鲁一样,以公族子孙为主,如有戴公之后的华、乐、老、皇四家,后来有桓公之后的鱼、荡、鳞、向四家。整个春秋时期,宋国的执政不出于戴、桓两族,其中尤以戴族为多。各大族的倾轧很激烈,到春秋晚期,桓氏势力被铲除,剩下戴族的乐、皇几家。
郑国的执政以穆公后人为主。穆公有十三子,其中罕、驷、丰、游、印、国、良七家为强族,即所谓的七穆。从春秋中期到晚期,任郑执政者不出这七家。
齐国在春秋早期由国、高二氏掌握大权,以后又有崔、庆二氏,这四家都是齐的公族。属于异姓贵族者有姬姓的鲍氏和妫姓的田氏。田完本为陈国的公子,后逃到齐,桓公使其为工正。齐庄公时,田氏渐渐得势。景公时,田乞为大夫。田氏为了扩张自己的势力,“其收赋税于民,以小斗受其粟,予民以大斗”,以此来笼络人心,抬高田氏在齐国的声望。景公死后,田氏灭国、高二氏,田乞专齐政。到其子田常时,鲍氏、晏氏也为田氏所除,田氏占有的土地比齐君的封邑还大。到田盘时,田氏的宗族“尽为齐都邑大夫”。田氏在外则和晋通使,成为齐国的实际统治者,齐宣公则有名无实。后田氏废康公(宣公子),代替姜氏而统治齐国。
晋国从献公时起,不许立公子、公孙为贵族,公子、公孙只好离晋而仕于他国。这就是所谓的“晋无公族”,为春秋时他国所无的现象。排斥公族,导致异姓或国姓中疏远的卿大夫得势。文公、襄公时,狐、赵、先、郤、胥等氏颇有权势,以后又有韩、魏、栾、范、荀氏等强大宗族。春秋中期以后,卿大夫之间兼并激烈。从厉公时起,郤氏、胥氏、栾氏被翦除,到春秋晚期只剩下最强的赵、魏、韩、范、中行氏。后来赵又灭范、中行氏。春秋末年,智氏最强,赵联合韩、魏而消灭智氏。晋长期的卿大夫兼并斗争到此告一段落,晋国也被这势均力敌的三家所瓜分。到战国初年,三家得到周天子的认可,晋国乃分成赵、魏、韩三国。
由于“礼”的破坏,各诸侯国不得不强调“法”制,公元前536年,郑国“铸刑书”,即把刑法条文铸于鼎上。公元前513年,晋国铸刑鼎,以公布范鞅所作的刑书。公元前501年,郑国杀邓析而用其竹刑。在此以前,所谓“议事以制”,就是判决者往往临事作出惩罚标准,缺乏成文性材料的依据。而在刑法条文公布之后,官吏或贵族的专横独断受到抑制,这在历史上具有一定的进步意义,并对以后战国时期刑法条文的完善具有深远的影响。虽然在周王朝初期也有法制,但那时的法制只是为了惩治有罪的人,整个社会秩序还是依靠社会行为规范而维系着的。
以上几个国家都因为存在强大的同姓或异姓贵族势力,为了私有利益,无视既定的社会行为规范,致使君权削弱,“权去公室,政在家门”。卿大夫为了争权夺利,引起内乱频繁发生。这就是无视于周王朝的社会行为规范而造成的后果,所以孟子称他们是三王的罪人。 |