《孟子》中英文版 第十二编 《告子下》(8)
《孟子》中英文版第十二编 《告子下》(8)
第八章徒取诸彼以与此
魯欲使慎子為將軍。孟子曰：“不教民而用之，謂之殃民。殃民者，不容於堯舜之世。一戰勝齊，遂有南陽，然且不可。”
The prince of Lu wanted to make the minister Shen commander of his army. Mencius said, 'To employ an uninstructed people in war may be said to be destroying the people. A destroyer of the people would not have been tolerated in the times of Yao and Shun. Though by a single battle you should subdue Qi, and get possession of Nan Yang, the thing ought not to be done.'
慎子勃然不悅曰：“此則滑釐所不識也。”
Shen changed countenance, and said in displeasure, 'This is what I, Gu Li, do not understand.'
曰：“吾明告子。天子之地方千里；不千里，不足以待諸侯。諸侯之地方百里；不百里，不足以守宗廟之典籍。周公之封於魯，為方百里也；地非不足，而儉於百里。太公之封於齊也，亦為方百里也；地非不足也，而儉於百里。今魯方百里者五，子以為有王者作，則魯在所損乎？在所益乎？徒取諸彼以與此，然且仁者不為，況於殺人以求之乎？君子之事君也，務引其君以當道，志於仁而已。”
Mencius said, 'I will lay the case plainly before you. The territory appropriated to the sovereign is 1,000 li square. Without a thousand li, he would not have sufficient for his entertainment of the princes. The territory appropriated to a Hou is 100 li square. Without 100 li, he would not have sufficient wherewith to observe the statutes kept in his ancestral temple. When Zhou Gong was invested with the principalily of Lu, it was a hundred li square. The territory was indeed enough, but it was not more than 100 li. When Tai Gong was invested with the principality of Qi, it was 100 li square. The territory was indeed enough, but it was not more than 100 li. Now Lu is five times 100 li square. If a true royal ruler were to arise, whether do you think that Lu would be diminished or increased by him? If it were merely taking the place from the one State to give it to the other, a benevolent man would not do it; how much less will he do so, when the end is to be sought by the slaughter of men! The way in which a superior man serves his prince contemplates simply the leading him in the right path, and directing his mind to benevolence.'
【原文】
鲁欲使慎子为将军。孟子曰：“不教民而用之，谓之殃民。殃民者，不容于尧舜之世。一战胜齐，遂有南阳，然且不可..”
慎子勃然不悦，曰：“此则滑釐所不识也。”
曰：“吾明告子。天子之地方千里；不千里，不足以待诸侯。诸侯之地方百里；不百里，不足以守宗庙之典籍。周公之封于鲁，为方百里也；地非不足，而俭于百里。太公之封于齐也，亦为方百里也；地非不足也，而俭于百里。今鲁方百里者五，子以为有王者作，则鲁在所损乎，在所益乎？徒取诸彼以与此，然且仁者不为，况于杀人以求之乎？君子之事君也，务引其君以当道，志于仁而已。”
【注释】
慎子：名滑釐，鲁国的一名大臣，善于用兵。
【译文】
鲁国君想让慎子做将军，孟子说：“没有教育人民就使用他们，这叫坑害百姓。坑害百姓的人，在尧舜时代是不允许存在的。一仗能打败齐国，占领齐国的南阳，虽胜利然而却是不可以的。”
慎子突然发怒不高兴地说：“这话我慎滑厘听不懂。”
孟子说：“我明明白白告诉你，天子的土地纵横千里；不够一千里，就不够接待诸侯。诸侯的土地纵横百里，不够一百里，就不够奉守宗庙的礼制。当年周公被封在鲁地，方圆百里；当时土地不是不够，而封地是俭约百里。太公被封在齐地，也是方圆百里。土地不是不够，而封地是俭约百里。如今鲁国已经有五个方圆百里了，你以为有王者兴起，是使鲁国的封地有所减损呢？还是会使其更增加？不用战争而把彼国的土地拿给此国，仁者都不愿有所为，何况是用战争屠杀去求取得到呢？君子之侍奉君主，就是要努力把君主引向正道，立志于爱民而已。”
【解说】
孟子所说的土地方圆百里，“地非不足，而俭于百里”，就是西周时期的一种社会行为规范。这个意思是说，并非没有土地，也不是土地不够分封，之所以一个诸侯只分封百里之地，其目的就是要使诸侯们不能够拥有太多的土地和人民。换句话说，就是要使诸侯们不要有太多的权力。然而随着经济的发展，人们私有欲的提高，至春秋时期，诸侯们已不满足于方圆百里的国土了。所以他们趁着周王室的日益衰微，拼命扩张自己的国土，做强做大。然而仁者为什么不为呢？像夏禹王、商汤王、周文王这三王如果不为，能统一天下吗？这似乎有些矛盾，这也是当年诸侯们没有弄懂的地方。其实，孟子的意思是，想要做强做大，并不是坏事，但不能靠侵略、掠夺和剥削来使自己富强。而是要依靠“仁、义、礼、智、信”的原则，爱民、遵守一定的社会行为规范，选择最佳行为方式、用智慧、用诚信，那么，人民就会主动来依附你，整个天下的人民都依附你了，土地难道还不是你的吗？管仲当年亦如是说，《管子·重令》：“然则先王将若之何？曰：不为六者变更于号令，不为六者疑错于斧钺，不为六者益损于禄赏。若此则远近一心，远近一心则众寡同力，众寡同力则战可以必胜，而守可以必固。非以并兼攘夺也，以为天下政治也，此正天下之道也。”
这其实就是举例：“今之大夫皆逢君之恶，故曰，今之大夫，今之诸侯之罪人也。”
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