《孟子》中英文版 第十二编 《告子下》(1)
《孟子》中英文版第十二编 《告子下》(1)
《告子下 - Gaozi II》 （共十六章）
告子下
本篇包括政治、战争、财政税收等多方面的治国问题，也包括教育、历史、个人修养等方面的内容。其中“生于忧患，死于安乐”是非常著名的一章。全篇原文共16章。
第一章 怎样比较？
任人有問屋廬子曰：“禮與食孰重？”曰：“禮重。”
A man of Ren asked the disciple Wu Lu, saying, 'Is an observance of the rules of propriety in regard to eating, or eating merely, the more important?' The answer was, 'The observance of the rules of propriety is the more important.'
“色與禮孰重？”曰：“禮重。”
'Is the gratifying the appetite of sex, or the doing so only according to the rules of propriety, the more important?' The answer again was, 'The observance of the rules of propriety in the matter is the more important.'
曰：“以禮食，則飢而死；不以禮食，則得食，必以禮乎？親迎，則不得妻；不親迎，則得妻，必親迎乎！”
The man pursued, 'If the result of eating only according to the rules of propriety will be death by starvation, while by disregarding those rules we may get food, must they still be observed in such a case? If according to the rule that he shall go in person to meet his wife a man cannot get married, while by disregarding that rule he may get married, must he still observe the rule in such a case?'
屋廬子不能對，明日之鄒以告孟子。孟子曰：“於答是也何有？不揣其本而齊其末，方寸之木可使高於岑樓。金重於羽者，豈謂一鉤金與一輿羽之謂哉？取食之重者，與禮之輕者而比之，奚翅食重？取色之重者，與禮之輕者而比之，奚翅色重？往應之曰：‘紾兄之臂而奪之食，則得食；不紾，則不得食，則將紾之乎？踰東家牆而摟其處子，則得妻；不摟，則不得妻，則將摟之乎？’”
Wu Lu was unable to reply to these questions, and the next day he went to Zou, and told them to Mencius. Mencius said, 'What difficulty is there in answering these inquiries? If you do not adjust them at their lower extremities, but only put their tops on a level, a piece of wood an inch square may be made to be higher than the pointed peak of a high building. Gold is heavier than feathers; but does that saying have reference, on the one hand, to a single clasp of gold, and, on the other, to a waggon-load of feathers? If you take a case where the eating is of the utmost importance and the observing the rules of propriety is of little importance, and compare the things together, why stop with saying merely that the eating is more important? So, taking the case where the gratifying the appetite of sex is of the utmost importance and the observing the rules of propriety is of little importance, why stop with merely saying that the gratifying the appetite is the more important? Go and answer him thus, "If, by twisting your elder brother's arm, and snatching from him what he is eating, you can get food for yourself, while, if you do not do so, you will not get anything to eat, will you so twist his arm? If by getting over your neighbour's wall, and dragging away his virgin daughter, you can get a wife, while if you do not do so, you will not be able to get a wife, will you so drag her away?"'
【原文】
任①人有问屋庐子②曰：“礼与食孰重？”
曰：“礼重。”
“色与礼孰重？”
曰：“礼重。”
曰：“以礼食，则饥而死；不以礼食，则得食，必以礼乎？亲迎（3），则不得得妻；不亲迎，则得妻，必亲迎乎？”
屋庐子不能对，明日之邹以告孟子。
孟子曰：“于答是也何有？不揣其本，而齐其末，方寸之木可使高于岑搂④。金重于羽者，岂谓一钩金（5）与一舆羽之谓哉？取食之重者与礼之轻者而比之，奚翅（6）食重？取色之重者与礼之轻者而比之，奚翅色重？往应之曰：‘紾（7）兄之臂而夺之食，则得食；不紾，则不得食，则将紾之乎？逾东家墙而搂其处子（8），则得妻；不搂，则不得妻，则将搂之乎？”’
【注释】
①任：春秋时国名，故址在今山东济宁。
②屋庐子：孟子的学生。
③亲迎：古代婚姻制度，新郎亲迎新娘。这里代指按礼制娶亲。
④岑楼：尖顶高楼。
⑤钩：衣带钩。一钩金即一衣带钩那样一点点金。
（6）翅：同“啻”，只，止，但。
（7）紾（zhen）：扭转。
（8）处子：处女。
【译文】
有个任国人问屋庐子说：“礼和食哪样重要？”屋庐子说：“礼重要。”那人问：“娶妻和礼哪样重要？”
屋庐子说：“礼重要。”
那人又问：“如果非要按照礼节才吃，就只有饿死；不按照礼节而吃，就可以得到吃的，那还是一定要按照礼节吗？如果非要按照‘亲迎’的礼节娶妻，就娶不到妻子；不按照‘亲迎’的礼节娶妻，就可以娶到妻子，那还是一定要‘亲迎’吗？”
屋庐子不能回答，第二天就到邹国，把这话告诉了孟子。
孟子说：“回答这个问题有什么困难呢？如果不比较基础的高低是否一致，只比较顶端，那么，一块一寸见方的木头可以使它高过尖顶高楼。我们说金属比羽毛重，难道是说一个衣带钩的金属比一车羽毛还重吗？拿吃的重要方面和礼的细节相比较，何止于吃的重要？拿娶妻的重要方面和礼的细节相比较，何止于娶妻重要？你去这样答复他：‘扭折哥哥的胳膊，抢夺他的食物，就可以得到吃的；不扭，便得不到吃的，那会去扭吗？爬过东边人家的墙壁去搂抱人家的处女，就可以得到妻子；不去搂抱，便得不到妻子，那会去搂抱吗？”’
【读解】
以诡辩对诡辩，以极端对极端。这是孟子在这里所采用论辩方法。
任国人采取诡辩的方式，把食与色的问题推到极端的地步来和礼的细节相比较，提出哪个重要的问题，企图迫使孟子的学生屋庐子回答食、色比礼更重要。屋庐子当然不会这样回答，但由于他落入了对方的圈套而不能够跳出来，所以就只好语塞而求助于老师了。
孟子一听就识破了对方的诡辩手段，并且生动而一针见血地指出：“不揣其本，而齐其末，方寸之木可使高于岑楼。”接着从金属与羽毛的比重问题过渡到分析任国人诡辩的症结所在。这实际上就是一个比较的方法问题。孟子的意思很明确，比较应该让以较的对象双方在同一水平线上，同一基准上，而不应该把一个对象推到极端来和另一个对象的细节相比较。这样比较出来的结果，当然是错误而荒谬的了。所以，孟子以其人之道还治其人之身，教给学生以诡辩对诡辩的说法，从而战胜论辩的对方。
所以，这一章内容固然也是孟子对礼的维护和捍卫，但对我们来说，更有启发意义的却是他作为一个智者的思维方式和论辩艺术。
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