《孟子》中英文版 第十二编 《告子下》(4)
《孟子》中英文版第十二编 《告子下》(4)
第四章仁义是和平的前提
宋牼將之楚,孟子遇於石丘。曰:“先生將何之?”
Song Keng being about to go to Chu, Mencius met him in Shi Qiu. 'Master, where are you going?' asked Mencius.
曰:“吾聞秦楚構兵,我將見楚王說而罷之。楚王不悅,我將見秦王說而罷之,二王我將有所遇焉。”
Keng replied, 'I have heard that Qin and Chu are fighting together, and I am going to see the king of Chu and persuade him to cease hostilities. If he shall not be pleased with my advice, I shall go to see the king of Qin, and persuade him in the same way. Of the two kings I shall surely find that I can succeed with one of them.'
曰:“軻也請無問其詳,願聞其指。說之將何如?”
Mencius said, 'I will not venture to ask about the particulars, but I should like to hear the scope of your plan. What course will you take to try to persuade them?'
曰:“我將言其不利也。”
Keng answered, 'I will tell them how unprofitable their course is to them.'
曰:“先生之志則大矣,先生之號則不可。先生以利說秦楚之王,秦楚之王悅於利,以罷三軍之師,是三軍之士樂罷而悅於利也。為人臣者懷利以事其君,為人子者懷利以事其父,為人弟者懷利以事其兄。是君臣、父子、兄弟終去仁義,懷利以相接,然而不亡者,未之有也。先生以仁義說秦楚之王,秦楚之王悅於仁義,而罷三軍之師,是三軍之士樂罷而悅於仁義也。為人臣者懷仁義以事其君,為人子者懷仁義以事其父,為人弟者懷仁義以事其兄,是君臣、父子、兄弟去利,懷仁義以相接也。然而不王者,未之有也。何必曰利?”
'Master,' said Mencius, 'your aim is great, but your argument is not good. If you, starting from the point of profit, offer your persuasive counsels to the kings of Qin and Chu, and if those kings are pleased with the consideration of profit so as to stop the movements of their armies, then all belonging to those armies will rejoice in the cessation of war, and find their pleasure in the pursuit of profit. Ministers will serve their sovereign for the profit of which they cherish the thought; sons will serve their fathers, and younger brothers will serve their elder brothers, from the same consideration - and the issue will be, that, abandoning benevolence and righteousness, sovereign and minister, father and son, younger brother and elder, will carry on all their intercourse with this thought of profit cherished in their breasts. But never has there been such a state of society, without ruin being the result of it. If you, starting from the ground of benevolence and righteousness, offer your counsels to the kings of Qin and Chu, and if those kings are pleased with the consideration of benevolence and righteousness so as to stop the operations of their armies, then all belonging to those armies will rejoice in the stopping from war, and find their pleasure in benevolence and righteousness. Ministers will serve their sovereign, cherishing the principles of benevolence and righteousness; sons will serve their fathers, and younger brothers will serve their elder brothers, in the same way - and so, sovereign and minister, father and son, elder brother and younger, abandoning the thought of profit, will cherish the principles of benevolence and righteousness, and carry on all their intercourse upon them. But never has there been such a state of society, without the State where it prevailed rising to the royal sway. Why must you use that word "profit."'
【原文】
宋牼①将之楚,孟子遇于石丘②,曰:“先生将何之?”
曰:“吾闻秦楚构兵③,我将见楚王说④而罢之。楚王不悦,我将见秦王说而罢之。二王我将有所遇⑤焉。”
曰:“轲也请无问其详,愿闻其指(6)。说之将何如?”
曰:“我将言其不利也。”
曰:“先生之志则大矣,先生之号(7)则不可。先生以利说秦楚之王,秦楚之王悦于利,以罢三军之师,是三军之士乐罢而悦于利也。为人臣者怀利以事其君,为人子者怀利以事其父,为人弟者怀利以事其兄,是君臣、父子、兄弟终去仁义,怀利以相接,然而不亡者,未之有也。先生以仁义说秦楚之王,秦楚之王悦于仁义,而罢三军之师,是三军之士乐罢而悦于仁义也。为人臣者怀仁义以事其君,为人子者怀仁义以事其父,为人弟者怀仁义以事其兄,是君臣、父子、兄弟去利,怀仁义以相接也,然而不王者,末之有也。何必曰利?”
【注释】
①宋牼(keng):战国时宋国著名学者,反对战争,主张和平。
②石丘:地名,其址不详。
③构兵:交战。
④说(Shui):劝说。
⑤遇:说而相合。
(6)指:同“旨”,大概,大意。
(7)号:提法。
【译文】
宋牼准备到楚国去,孟子在石丘这个地方遇上了他。孟子问:“先生准备到哪里去?”
宋牼说:“我听说秦楚两国交战,我准备去见越王,劝说他罢兵。如果楚王不听,我准备去见秦王,劝说他罢兵。在两个国王中,我总会劝说通一个。”
孟子说:“我不想问得太详细,只想知道你的大意,你准备怎样去劝说他们呢?”
宋释说:“我将告诉他们,交战是很不利的。”
孟子说:“先生的动机是很好的,可是先生的提法却不行。先生用利去劝说秦王楚王,秦王楚王因为有利而高兴,于是停止军事行动;军队的官兵也因为有利而高兴,于是乐于罢兵。做臣下的心怀利害关系来侍奉君主,做儿子的心怀利害关系来侍奉父亲,做弟弟的心怀利害关系来侍奉哥哥,这就会使君臣之问、父子之间、兄弟之间都完全去掉仁义,心怀利害关系来互相对待,这样不使国家灭亡的,是没有的。若是先生以仁义的道理去劝说秦王楚王,秦王楚王因仁义而高兴,于是停止军事行动;军队的官兵也因仁义而高兴,于是乐于罢兵。做臣下的心怀仁义来侍奉君主,做儿子的心怀仁义来侍奉父亲,做弟弟的心怀仁义来侍奉哥哥,这就会使君臣之间、父子之问,兄弟之间都完全去掉利害关系,心怀仁义来互相对待,这样还不能够使天下归服的,是没有的。何必要去谈听‘利’呢?”
【读解】
孟子在这里所讲的道理几乎就是他第一次见梁惠王时所说的那一套的翻版,只不过那时主要是针对从政治国问题,这一次却是谈的战争与和平的问题了。
在孟子看来,和平当然是很重要的,所以,他也非常支持宋牼维护和平的行为。但是,和平的前提是仁义,而不是利害关系。如果用利害关系去换得一时的和平,早晚也会失去和平,不仅失去和平,还会失去国家,失去天下。因为,基于利害关系的和平,实际上隐伏着很多不和平的因素,这就是人与人之间都以利害关系相互对待,一旦利害关系发生冲突,必然导致争斗,失去稳定与和平。相反,如果以仁义为前提赢得和平,则会保持长久的稳定与发展,不仅不会失去和平,而且还会使天下人心归服,安定统一。这是因为,基于仁义的和平,使人与人之间都以仁义道德相互对待,没有根本的利害冲突,人人忠诚谦让,仁爱正义。用我们今天的话来说,“让世界充满爱”,哪里还有什么战争的危机呢?
应该认为,从理论上说,孟子的学说是很有道理的,也是能够自圆其说的。我们今天不是也依然呼唤“让世界充满爱”,呼唤世界的长期稳定与和平吗?但是,从历史和现实的实践来看,无论是战争还是和平,既然有军事行动发生,就不可能没有利害关系在内,也不可能有纯粹为抽象的仁义道德而战的战争和纯粹为抽象的仁义道德而罢兵停战的和平出现,在孟子所处的战国时代,尤其没有这种可能。
所以,以仁义为前提的和平,在孟子的时代只能是一种理想。正如以仁义为前提的战争只能是一种理想一样。
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