《孟子》中英文版 第十三编 《尽心上》(22)
《孟子》中英文版第十三编 《尽心上》(22)
第二十二章统治者应善待百姓
孟子曰：“伯夷辟紂，居北海之濱，聞文王作興，曰：‘盍歸乎來！吾聞西伯善養老者。’太公辟紂，居東海之濱，聞文王作興，曰：‘盍歸乎來！吾聞西伯善養老者。’天下有善養老，則仁人以為己歸矣。五畝之宅，樹牆下以桑，匹婦蠶之，則老者足以衣帛矣。五母雞，二母彘，無失其時，老者足以無失肉矣。百畝之田，匹夫耕之，八口之家足以無飢矣。所謂西伯善養老者，制其田里，教之樹畜，導其妻子，使養其老。五十非帛不煖，七十非肉不飽。不煖不飽，謂之凍餒。文王之民，無凍餒之老者，此之謂也。”
Mencius said, 'Bo Yi, that he might avoid Zhou, was dwelling on the coast of the northern sea when he heard of the rise of king Wen. He roused himself and said, "Why should I not go and follow him? I have heard that the chief of the West knows well how to nourish the old." Tai Gong, to avoid Zhou, was dwelling on the coast of the eastern sea. When he heard of the rise of king Wen, he said, "Why should I not go and follow him? I have heard that the chief if the West knows well how to nourish the old." If there were a prince in the kingdom, who knew well how to nourish the old, all men of virtue would feel that he was the proper object for them to gather to. Around the homestead with its five mau, the space beneath the walls was planted with mulberry trees, with which the women nourished silkworms, and thus the old were able to have silk to wear. Each family had five brood hens and two brood sows, which were kept to their breeding seasons, and thus the old were able to have flesh to eat. The husbandmen cultivated their farms of 100 mu, and thus their families of eight mouths were secured against want. The expression, "The chief of the West knows well how to nourish the old," refers to his regulation of the fields and dwellings, his teaching them to plant the mulberry and nourish those animals, and his instructing the wives and children, so as to make them nourish their aged. At fifty, warmth cannot be maintained without silks, and at seventy flesh is necessary to satisfy the appetite. Persons not kept warm nor supplied with food are said to be starved and famished, but among the people of king Wen, there were no aged who were starved or famished. This is the meaning of the expression in question.'
【原文】
孟子曰：“伯夷辟纣，居北海之滨，闻文王作，兴曰：‘盍归乎来，吾闻西伯善养老者。’太公辟纣，居东海之滨，闻文王作，兴曰：‘盍归乎来，吾闻西伯善养老者。’天下有善养老，则仁人以为己归矣。五亩之宅，树墙下以桑，匹妇蚕之，则老者足以衣帛矣。五母鸡，二母彘，无失其时，老者足以无失肉矣。百亩之四，匹夫耕之，八口之家足以无饥矣。所谓西伯善养老者，制其田里，教之树畜，导其妻子使养其老。五十非帛不暖，七十非肉不饱。不暖不饱，谓之冻馁。文王之民无冻馁之老者，此之谓也。”
【注释】
西伯：即周文王。
【译文】
孟子说：“伯夷逃避纣王，住在北海边上，听到周文王兴起的讯息，说：‘为何不去归附他呢？我听说西伯善于赡养老人。’姜太公逃避纣王，住在东海边上，听到周文王兴起的信息，说：‘为何不去归附他呢？我听说西伯善于赡养老人。’天下有善于赡养老人的人，那么愿意与人相互亲爱的人就把他作为自己的归宿。有五亩地的人家，在墙下种植桑树，妇女养蚕，那么老人就可以穿上丝帛了。养五只母鸡，二只母猪，不耽误喂养时机，老人就可以吃上肉了。有百亩田地的人家，男子耕种，八口之家就足以吃饱饭了。所谓周文王善于赡养老人，就是他制定了田亩制度，教导人们种植桑树和畜养家禽，教诲百姓的妻子儿女使他们赡养老人。五十岁的老人不穿丝帛就不暖和，七十岁的老人不吃肉就不饱。吃不饱，穿不暖，叫做忍饥受冻。文王的百姓没有忍饥受冻的老人，说的就是这个意思。”
【解说】
这是孟子对尽心知命的举例，周文王就是一个很好的例子。周文王有多了不起吗？有多伟大吗？没有！周文王所作的，其实也很简单，换句话说，周文王行政的行为方式就是善待百姓，不欺诈，不压迫，不掠夺，不剥削老百姓，“制其田里，教之树畜，导其妻子使养其老。”如此而已。这就是君子的本性，再加上仁、义、礼、智根植于心，所以就使得天下百姓都来归附。这就是用智慧，用诚信，遵守人类社会的行为规范，采用最佳行为方式，最终能建立起人与人之间相互亲爱的关系。
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