翻译前记: 今天花了一个半小时译完了下面这篇>. 之所以译这篇文章, 主要是因为最近自己在看>时感触非常大. 毫无疑问我是非常佩服孔明的雄才伟略的, 但是我更佩服他的, 是他那满腔的热血以及那颗无比忠诚之心. 我想, 不管是看书还是看电视, 当大家看到刘备仙逝, 孔明临危受命并且竭尽全力辅佐少主时, 我们都会深受感动. 当你了解整部>时, 读到下面由诸葛亮写的>, 再想象一下当时的情景, 我想你或许会感动沉思良久.
出师表
作者: 诸葛亮
译者: 爱尔兰都柏林大学 赖小琪
臣亮言：先帝创业未半，而中道崩殂（cú），今天下三分，益州疲（pí）弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内， 忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞（sè ）忠谏之路也。
My dear Majesty,
The late emperor had not accomplished half of his cause before he went to heaven. Currently the whole empire is divided into three parts and our country is fragile and at the edge of danger. Yet, our ministers are never sluggish in national affairs and our loyal soldiers are devoting their lives at the forefronts, for they have kept all the favors the late emperor had bestowed upon them in mind and wish to repay him by serving you devotedly. Therefore, it is wise of you to open your ears to those capable talents so as to extend the sacred virtues of your father and stimulate our soldiers’ morale, rather than look down upon yourself and make improper remarks to hamper rectitude and practical remonstrance.
宫中府中，俱为一体，陟（zhì ）罚臧（zāng）否（pǐ），不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理，不宜偏私，使内外异法也。
All the courtiers and soldiers in and out of the palace of the emperor shall abide by the law without any exceptions. There shall be no bias in exercising the practice of rewarding and penalizing. All wrongdoers and law-breakers, as well as those good-deeds doers should be receive punishments and rewards from the officers respectively, so as to demonstrate your Majesty’s impartial and open administration. Always remember not to be partial to someone and ruin the consistence of the laws in and out of the court.
侍中侍郎郭攸（yōu）之、费祎（yī）、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗（wèi）陛下。愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨（bì）补阙（quē）漏，有所广益。
The Senior Officers like Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yu, etc, are all loyal and honest men who were promoted by the late emperor to serve you. My advice is that you, my dear Majesty, should consult them in all affairs in the court, whether it be big or small, before taking actions. By doing so you will surely have all the misdeeds and drawbacks corrected beneficially.
将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰能，是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行（háng）阵和睦，优劣得所。
Xiang Chong is a good-virtued and easy-going general who is versed in military tactics. After he was tested in the past, the late emperor had spoken highly of his capabilities and he was elected by all others the Grand Commander. My advice is that you should consult him in all military matters. By doing so you will surely keep all armies in great harmony, render them exert their best talents.
亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长（zhǎng）史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。
Staying close with loyal ministers and keeping away from the mean ones is the reason why the Former Hans was so prosperous. Staying close with mean ministers and keeping away from mean ones is the reason why Latter Hans was overthrown. When the late emperor was alive and discussed this with us, he would sigh miserably at the stories of Emperor Huan and Ling. Si Zhong, Shang Shu, Zhang Shi, Can Jun(all are the official titles in that era) are all loyal and dedicated people. So I wish you, my dear Majesty, could stay close with them and trust them. Then the prosperity of our country will be soon approached.
臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥（wěi）自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有（yòu）一年矣。
I was originally an ordinary man farming in Nanyang, only to secure my humble life in this troubled time without any wish to join the nobles. It was the late emperor who overlooked my commonness and humbled himself to visit me in my shabby hut, consulting me about the current affairs modestly. I felt so grateful that I promised to serve him since then. So I was appointed in the most critical moment when our armies underwent consecutive defeats and crises. It has been 21 years since then.
先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙（sù）夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明，故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶（shù）竭驽（nú）钝，攘（rǎng）除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。
The late emperor acknowledged my prudence and confided the great task to me when approaching his end. Since then, I could not help worrying and sighing day and night, in fear that I could not accomplish the task given by the late emperor and ruin his wisdom. So I embarked on the expedition to the barren lands over River Lu. Now the Southern part of the nation has been quelled and we have plenty of military resources. So it is high time that we should lead our armies to the Northern part. I would exhaust my poor talents and capabilities to wipe out all wicked people and restore the Han Dynasty and our old capital. That what I am obliged to do to manifest my deepest gratitude to the late emperor and you, my dear Majesty. As with the decision making and advice proposing, it is Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun’s duty.
愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎（jiù）；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹（zōu）善道，察纳雅言,深追先帝遗诏，臣不胜受恩感激。
I strongly desire you, my Majesty to assign to me the task of suppressing the rebels and restore the Han Dynasty. If I fail, I am willing to receive punishment to soothe the soul of the late emperor. If you hear no practical advice, then it is those advisers who are to blame. You, my dear Majesty should also spare no effort to come up with the right ideas, ask for advice by yourself, adopt the right suggestion and keep what your father said in mind. Then I will feel more than grateful to what you have done!
今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。
Now I am about to depart on a long march. I cannot help heavily tearing before this letter and had no idea what I have said.
写作背景:
公元221年，刘备称帝，诸葛亮为丞相。223年，刘备病死，将刘禅托付给诸葛亮。诸葛亮实行了一系列比较正确的政治和经济措施，使蜀汉境内呈现兴旺景象。为了实现全国统一，诸葛亮在平息南方叛乱之后，于227年决定北上伐魏，夺取凉州，临行之前上书后主，以恳切委婉的言辞劝勉后主要广开言路、严明赏罚、亲贤远佞，以此兴复汉室；同时也表达自己以身许国，忠贞不二的思想。这就是《出师表》。《出师表》选自《汉魏六朝百三名家集•诸葛丞相集》。
《出师表》分为《前出师表》和《后出师表》两篇，是三国时期蜀汉丞相诸葛亮两次北伐（227年与禅的奏章。《前出师表》作于建兴五年（227年），收录于《三国志》卷三十五，文章情意真切，感人肺腑，表明诸葛亮北伐的决心。他在表中告诫后主要“亲贤臣、远小人”，多听取别人的意见，为兴复汉室而努力
原文中文译文:
先帝开创的事业没有完成一半，却中途去世。现在天下分裂成三个国家，蜀汉民力困乏，这实在是形势危急国家存亡的关键时候啊。然而宫廷里侍奉守卫的臣子，不敢稍有懈怠；疆场上忠诚有志的将士，舍身忘死的作战，大概是追念先帝对大家的特殊恩遇，想要报答在陛下身上啊。陛下应该扩大圣明的听闻，用来发扬光大先帝遗留下来的美德，振奋鼓舞志士们的勇气，绝不应随便看轻自己，说出不恰当的话，以致堵塞了忠臣劝谏的道路。
宫里身边的近臣和丞相府统领的官吏，本都是一个整体，奖善惩恶，不应因在皇宫中或朝廷中而有所不同。如有作坏事违犯法纪的，或尽忠心做善事的，应该一律交给主管部门判定他们受罚或受赏，以显示陛下公正严明的治理，切不应私心偏袒，使宫廷内外刑赏之法不同。
侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，这都是些品德良善诚实、志向思虑忠贞纯正的人，所以先帝才选拔来给予陛下。我认为宫内的事情，事无论大小，应当征询他们的意见，然后再去施行。弥补缺点和疏漏之处，得到更多成效。
将军向宠，性情德行平和公正，通晓军事，过去任用的时候，先帝称赞他说能干，所以大家商议推举他为中部督。我认为军营里的事情，事情无论大小，都要征询他的意见，就一定能够使军队团结和睦，好的坏的各得其所。
亲近贤臣，远避小人，这是汉朝前期能够兴盛的原因；亲近小人，远避贤臣，这是汉朝后期衰败的原因。先帝在世的时候，每次跟我谈论起这些事，对于桓帝、灵帝的做法，没有不感到叹息，表示痛心和遗憾的。侍中郭攸之、费祎，尚书陈震，长史张裔，参军蒋琬，这些都是忠贞贤良能以死报国的忠臣，诚愿陛下亲近他们，信任他们，这样汉王室的兴盛，就可以很快实现了。
我本是个平民，在南阳郡务农亲耕，只希望在乱世间苟且只求保全性命，不希望在诸侯做官扬名。先帝不因为我身份低微鄙陋，委屈地自我降低身份，接连三次到草庐来访看我，征询我对时局大事的意见，我因此感动激奋，从而答应为先帝驱遣效力。后来正遇危亡关头，在战事失败的时候我接受了任命，在危机患难期间我受到委任，至今已有二十一年了。
先帝深知我做事谨慎，所以临去世时把国家大事嘱托给我了。接受遗命以来，日夜担忧兴叹，唯恐托付给我的大事做的没有成效，从而损害先帝的明察。所以我五月率兵南渡泸水，深入荒芜之境。如今南方已经平定，武库装备充足，应当勉励三军，北伐平定中原地区，我希望竭尽自己低下的才能，铲除奸邪凶恶的敌人，复兴汉朝王室，迁归旧日国都洛阳。这是我用来报答先帝，忠心于陛下的职责的事。至于考虑事情是否可行采取适当措施，毫无保留地进献忠言，那就是郭攸之、费祎、董允的责任了。
希望陛下把讨伐曹魏的任务交给我，如果不能成功，那就惩治我失职的罪过，用来告慰先帝的神灵。如果没有发扬圣德的忠言，那就责备郭攸之、费祎、董允等人的怠慢，用来揭示他们的过失。陛下也应该自行谋划，询问治国的好道理，识别采纳正确的言论，追念先帝遗愿，我就受恩、感激不尽了。
如今将要离朝远征，面对着奏章眼泪滴落，不知道自己说了什么。 |
